{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:46:09Z","timestamp":1791899169302,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stroke imposes a substantial and growing health and economic burden in China, yet forward-looking estimates of stroke-related costs remain scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Annual age- and sex-specific incidence rates of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage were projected from 2022 to 2050 using 2021 as the baseline year. Baseline incidence estimates were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database, and future trends were projected using an exponential growth model parameterized by the average annual percent change estimated from 1990 to 2021 Global Burden of Disease data. Projected incidence rates were combined with China-specific population projections. A deterministic decision-tree model was used to estimate hospitalization costs, direct medical costs, and societal costs over a 12-month time horizon in China, using probabilities and unit costs from published literature. We used uncertainty intervals (UI) to quantify the plausible range of all projected outcomes. One-way sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess uncertainty in epidemiological and cost parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total incident strokes are projected to increase from 4.35 million (95% UI, 3.09\u20135.89 million) in 2022 to 9.59 million (95% UI, 6.81\u201313.01 million) in 2050. By 2050, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage incidences are projected to reach 7.89, 1.59, and 0.11 million, respectively. Total annual stroke hospitalization costs are projected to rise from $46.1 billion (95% UI, 44.94\u201347.24 billion) in 2022 to $91.2 billion (95% UI, 89.28\u201393.13 billion) in 2050; direct medical costs and societal costs are projected to increase from $67.6 billion to $133.9 billion and from $145.6 billion to $288.4 billion, respectively. Costs will be increasingly concentrated among adults aged \u226565 years, especially those aged \u226585 years. In 2050, stroke costs among men are projected to be approximately 1.3 times those for women. In sensitivity analyses incorporating incidence uncertainty, total annual hospitalization costs ranged from $39.9\u2013$62.3 billion in 2022 to $65.0\u2013$123.6 billion in 2050.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stroke incidence and costs in China are projected to increase through 2050, driven primarily by ischemic stroke and population aging, highlighting the need for targeted prevention, capacity planning for older adults, and long-term financing strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.125.054522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:00:16Z","timestamp":1787043616000},"page":"3081-3090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Projection of Stroke Incidence and Costs in China: 2022 to 2050"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7093-8784","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yutong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J., M.X., M.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2881-0473","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lizheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthcare Big Data Research Institute, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China (L.X.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1684-7076","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (X.W.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8236-6055","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meiqiyang","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J., M.X., M.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-0986","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingsheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, China (Y.J., M.X., M.C.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3044-170X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia (L.S.)."},{"name":"Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia (L.S.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.017384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(21)00252-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.036142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147552"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-023-00463-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241307876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23814683211061097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","volume-title":"China\u2019s Population Projection-Medium Variant (2021\u20132050)","author":"Office CPaDRCUNPFCC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Office CPaDRCUNPFCC. 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