{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:12:35Z","timestamp":1793189555779,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ahajournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stroke"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment is common after stroke and linked to poor outcomes, yet long-term recovery or decline, particularly across specific cognitive domains, remains unclear. Most studies use brief global screeners with short follow-up, limiting insight into recovery patterns. This study aimed to characterize domain-specific cognitive trajectories over \u22652 years poststroke and identify predictors of persistent impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were recruited at a regional acute stroke unit (John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; 2012\u20132019) and assessed acutely, at 6 months, and \u22652 years poststroke. The Oxford Cognitive Screen was administered at all timepoints. Global impairment severity was quantified by the proportion of Oxford Cognitive Screen subtasks impaired. Logistic mixed-effects models examined longitudinal change and predictors of domain-specific impairments (language, memory, attention, executive function, and number processing). Latent class growth analysis identified distinct cognitive trajectories. Models were adjusted for acute cognitive impairment severity and time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 866 patients assessed acutely, 105 were followed up at \u22652 years (98 with complete Oxford Cognitive Screen data; median, 4.1 [interquartile range, 3.3] years; mean age, 69 years, 41% female). Cognitive impairment severity improved substantially by 6 months (\u03b2=\u22120.11;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) and further long-term (\u03b2=\u22120.15;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). Acute impairment severity strongly predicted long-term outcomes (\u03b2=0.50;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001), while demographic and vascular factors explained minimal variance. Latent class growth analysis identified 4 overall trajectories: no or mild acute impairment with stability (47.6%), moderate-improving (32.3%), large improvement (15.2%), and decline (4.8%). Domain-specific improvements were greatest in memory (odds ratio, 16.40 [95% CI, 5.52\u201348.7]) and language (odds ratio, 8.17 [95% CI, 3.17\u201321.1]), more limited in attention (odds ratio, 5.41 [95% CI, 2.52\u201311.6]) and executive function (odds ratio, 4.14 [95% CI, 1.96\u20138.75]). Domain models revealed additional classes of persistent or delayed recovery, particularly in executive function and attention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive recovery is most pronounced within 6 months and continues across domains though executive dysfunction often persists. Acute impairment severity best predicted long-term outcomes, while vascular and demographic factors were less informative. Distinct trajectory classes highlight the need for individualized, long-term cognitive monitoring to guide rehabilitation and prognostication. These findings underscore the importance of long-term cognitive follow-up in stroke care and provide empirical benchmarks for recovery across domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.125.054555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:00:25Z","timestamp":1779181225000},"page":"2150-2162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Longitudinal Trajectories of Global and Domain-Specific Cognition After Stroke Using the Oxford Cognitive Screen"],"prefix":"10.1161","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Elise","family":"Milosevich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Investigative Medicine Division, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (E.M.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0128-4677","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Kusec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.K., N.D.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3603-8388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah T.","family":"Pendlebury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia (S.T.P.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom."},{"name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and Departments of General Medicine and Geratology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (S.T.P.)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0416-5147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nele","family":"Demeyere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (A.K., N.D.), University of Oxford, United 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