{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T03:38:45Z","timestamp":1747193925274,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Croatian Society for Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biochem. med. (Online)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent behavioral disorder with a complex etiology. However, the underlying pathogenic molecular pathways and the associated risk factors are largely obscure. This has hindered both the identification of relevant prognostic biomarkers and the development of effective treatment strategies. Because of the diverse range of clinical manifestations, not all patients benefit from therapies currently practiced in the clinical setting. Nevertheless, several lines of evidence indicate that neurotrophic, neurotransmitter, and oxidative signaling are involved in the pathophysiology of OCD. Based upon evidences from clinical (and pre-clinical studies), the present review paper sets out to decipher the utilities of three parameters (i.e. brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BDNF, noradrenalin-synthesizing enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase; DBH; and oxidative damage marker malondialdehyde; MDA) as diagnostic peripheral biomarkers as well as bio-targets for therapeutic strategies. While the data indicates promising results, there is necessitation for future studies to further confirm and establish these. Further, based again on the available clinical data, we investigated the possibilities of exploiting the etiological links between disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle and insulin signaling, and OCD for the identification of potential anti-OCD ameliorative agents with the ability to elicit multimodal effects, including attenuation of the alterations in BDNF, noradrenergic and redox pathways. In this respect, agomelatine and metformin may represent particularly interesting candidates; however, further clinical studies are warranted to establish these as singular or complementary medications in OCD subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11613\/bm.2024.010503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T12:59:31Z","timestamp":1702990771000},"page":"57-71","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for obsessive compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.11613","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Sudesh","family":"Ravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Vashishth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keerthna","family":"Rajesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhruv Rishb","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shashank","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aarushi","family":"Sultania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4284-8045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faraz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4885","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20231219075928_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20111601","article-title":"Harmonizing the neurobiology and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"178","author":"Goodman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0102-3","article-title":"Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder.","volume":"5","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22232","article-title":"Behavioral therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitor pharmacotherapy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized controlled trials.","volume":"31","author":"Romanelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.06.003","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral treatments of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published 1993\u20132014.","volume":"40","author":"\u00d6st","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00998","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Evolution of Surgical Stimulation Target Parallels Changing Model of Dysfunctional Brain Circuits.","volume":"12","author":"Karas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.3","article-title":"Population-based, multigenerational family clustering study of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"70","author":"Mataix-Cols","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.006","article-title":"Maternal effects as causes of risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"87","author":"Mahjani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.10.040","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic architecture of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: In search of possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.","volume":"137","author":"Bellia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r9"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2001.113989","article-title":"Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework.","volume":"69","author":"Biomarkers Definitions Working Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217750088","article-title":"Biomarker definitions and their applications.","volume":"243","author":"Califf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57193-5_20","article-title":"Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases.","volume":"15","author":"Jeromin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Neurobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20231219075928_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-017-0510-4","article-title":"BDNF: A key factor with multipotent impact on brain signaling and synaptic plasticity.","volume":"38","author":"Kowia\u0144ski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7777","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207777","article-title":"Neurotrophic factor BDNF, physiological functions and therapeutic potential in depression, neurodegeneration and brain cancer.","volume":"21","author":"Colucci-D\u2019Amato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.003","article-title":"BDNF signaling in context: From synaptic regulation to psychiatric disorders.","volume":"185","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-013-9261-7","article-title":"Measurement Methods of BDNF Levels in Major Depression: A Qualitative Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.","volume":"84","author":"Teche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2903","article-title":"BDNF as a biomarker for neuropathic pain: Consideration of mechanisms of action and associated measurement challenges.","volume":"13","author":"Thakkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091987","article-title":"Effect of Clotting Duration and Temperature on BDNF Measurement in Human Serum.","volume":"18","author":"Amadio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.03.024","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid BDNF pro-peptide levels in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia.","volume":"113","author":"Mizui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1075613","article-title":"Development and validation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor measurement in human urine samples as a non-invasive effect biomarker.","volume":"15","author":"Olivas-Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8561","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b01642","article-title":"Method for Electrochemical Detection of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Plasma.","volume":"90","author":"Bockaj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2015.10.034","article-title":"BDNF \u2013 a key transducer of antidepressant effects.","volume":"102","author":"Bj\u00f6rkholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04543-z","article-title":"Disclosing common biological signatures and predicting new therapeutic targets in schizophrenia and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder by integrated bioinformatics analysis.","volume":"23","author":"Ghanbarzehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30930","article-title":"The role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) val66met variant in the phenotypic expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).","volume":"150B","author":"Katerberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970701245003","article-title":"Investigating the role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) val66met variant in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).","volume":"9","author":"Hemmings","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2019.141","article-title":"Is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder? A meta-analysis.","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.07.023","article-title":"BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and plasma levels in Chinese Han population with obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000297","article-title":"BDNF association study with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder, its clinical characteristics, and response to fluvoxamine-treatment in Iranian patients.","volume":"28","author":"Abdolhosseinzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r29"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.04.006","article-title":"Exploring the role of BDNF DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder.","volume":"114","author":"D\u2019Addario","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"36","key":"key20231219075928_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5782","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666211208115536","article-title":"In search for biomarkers in obsessive-compulsive disorder: new evidence on saliva as a practical source of DNA to assess epigenetic regulation.","volume":"29","author":"D\u2019Addario","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.04.002","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plasma levels in drug-na\u00efve OCD patients are lower than those in healthy people, but are not lower than those in drug-treated OCD patients.","volume":"133","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.07.009","article-title":"Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in drug-na\u00efve obsessive\u2013compulsive patients: A case\u2013control study.","volume":"122","author":"Maina","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.05.026","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a biomarker for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis.","volume":"151","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00788-4","article-title":"Effect of escitalopram on serum GDNF and BDNF levels and 5-HT level of brain tissue of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder rats.","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1099-3","article-title":"Cytokine, chemokine and BDNF levels in medication-free pediatric patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder.","volume":"27","author":"\u00c7olak Sivri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e855","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10146","article-title":"Cortisol and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels prior to treatment in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"77","author":"\u015eim\u015fek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.046","article-title":"Intermediation of perceived stress between early trauma and plasma M\/P ratio levels in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients.","volume":"285","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.857574","article-title":"Exploring association between serotonin and neurogenesis related genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder in Chinese Han people: promising association between DMRT2, miR-30a-5p, and early-onset patients.","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2018.1475733","article-title":"Ferreira F, Bota RG, Bonet-Costa V, Sun PY, Davies KJA. The role of oxidative stress in anxiety disorder: cause or consequence?","volume":"52","author":"Fedoce A das G","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.332133","article-title":"WNT\/\u03b2-catenin pathway and circadian rhythms in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"17","author":"Vallee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000431","article-title":"What future role might N-acetyl-cysteine have in the treatment of obsessive compulsive and grooming disorders?","volume":"36","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.08.010","article-title":"Oxidative imbalance in child and adolescent patients with obsessive compulsive disorder.","volume":"47","author":"Kandemir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2016.10.021","article-title":"Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: Analytical and biological challenges.","volume":"524","author":"Tsikas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r45","first-page":"7","article-title":"Use of malondialdehyde as a biomarker for assessing oxidative stress in different disease pathologies: a review.","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(03)00495-1","article-title":"Measurement by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of malondialdehyde in normal human urine following derivatisation with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.","volume":"794","author":"Korchazhkina","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450500513989","article-title":"Nitrite and malondialdehyde content in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"116","author":"Shukla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000063573","article-title":"Antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde levels in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"46","author":"Kuloglu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.10.004","article-title":"Serum selenium and plasma malondialdehyde levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder.","volume":"33","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.01.001","article-title":"Correlation between lipid peroxidation-induced TBARS level and disease severity in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"33","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.09.012","article-title":"Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins are associated with oxidative stress in obsessive compulsive disorders.","volume":"46","author":"Orhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000306591","article-title":"Relationship of possible stress-related biochemical markers to oxidative\/antioxidative status in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"61","author":"Behl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-021-00354-2","article-title":"Malondialdehyde concentrations in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"20","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13026","article-title":"Oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis.","volume":"139","author":"Maia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0435","article-title":"Anxiety and affective disorder comorbidity related to serotonin and other neurotransmitter systems: obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder as an example of overlapping clinical and genetic heterogeneity.","volume":"368","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199206001-00009","article-title":"The role of serotonin and dopamine in the pathophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorder.","volume":"7","author":"Goodman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90073-X","article-title":"Noradrenergic function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to clonidine and comparison to healthy controls.","volume":"37","author":"Hollander","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.8.1015","article-title":"Serotonergic and noradrenergic sensitivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: behavioral findings.","volume":"145","author":"Hollander","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1380241","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines in obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette\u2019s syndrome, and healthy controls.","volume":"12","author":"Leckman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05512-0","article-title":"Central norepinephrine transmission is required for stress-induced repetitive behavior in two rodent models of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"237","author":"Lustberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2022.105205","article-title":"Norepinephrine and dopamine contribute to distinct repetitive behaviors induced by novel odorant stress in male and female mice.","volume":"144","author":"Lustberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14893","article-title":"Dopamine beta\u2010hydroxylase and its genetic variants in human health and disease.","volume":"152","author":"Gonzalez\u2010Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao Z, Wang Y, Deng M, Zhang H, Fan Q. Proteomic analysis reveals sympathetic system and immune-inflammation biomarkers in serum of drug-free obsessive-compulsive disorder. Research Square [Preprint]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 12]. Available from: https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/ppr\/ppr497903. 10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1650133\/v110.21203\/rs.3.rs-1650133\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1650133\/v1"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960531)67:3<264::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Polygenic inheritance of Tourette syndrome, stuttering, attention deficit hyperactivity, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder: the additive and subtractive effect of the three dopaminergic genes--DRD2, D beta H, and DAT1.","volume":"67","author":"Comings","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0138-0","article-title":"A functional dopamine-\u03b2-hydroxylase gene promoter polymorphism is associated with impulsive personality styles, but not with affective disorders.","volume":"116","author":"Hess","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomed.2013.02.003","article-title":"Association analysis between Tourette\u2019s syndrome and two dopamine genes (DAT1, DBH) in Taiwanese children.","volume":"3","author":"Chou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomedicine (Taipei)"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.3.95","article-title":"Dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinsonian patients.","volume":"3","author":"Nagatsu","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biomed Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.4.565","article-title":"CSF dopamine--hydroxylase activity in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","volume":"35","author":"Hurst","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12050423","article-title":"Effect of Supplementation on Levels of Homovanillic and Vanillylmandelic Acids in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.","volume":"12","author":"G\u0105tarek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180813155017","article-title":"Psychopharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).","volume":"17","author":"Del Casale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5647","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666171222163645","article-title":"A systematic review of evidence-based treatment strategies for obsessive- compulsive disorder resistant to first-line pharmacotherapy.","volume":"25","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00163","article-title":"Risperidone reverses the downregulation of BDNF in hippocampal neurons and MK801-induced cognitive impairment in rats.","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.02.022","article-title":"Repeated co-treatment with antidepressants and risperidone increases BDNF mRNA and protein levels in rats.","volume":"69","author":"Rog\u00f3\u017c","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104879","article-title":"BDNF serum levels and cognitive improvement in drug-naive first episode patients with schizophrenia: A prospective 12-week longitudinal study.","volume":"122","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab065","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase, BDNF, and cognitive improvement in drug-naive first-episode patients with schizophrenia: A 12-week longitudinal study.","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.011","article-title":"BDNF in antipsychotic naive first episode psychosis: Effects of risperidone and the immune-inflammatory response system.","volume":"141","author":"Noto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190409142555","article-title":"Brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A systematic review.","volume":"17","author":"Rapinesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00933-x","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): emerging or established therapy?","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000335243","article-title":"Long-term course of brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels in a patient treated with deep brain stimulation of the lateral habenula.","volume":"65","author":"Hoyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000358088","article-title":"Effects of deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum concentration in healthy volunteers.","volume":"69","author":"Gaede","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.09.005","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms triggered by Deep Brain Stimulation in depression: A preclinical and clinical approach.","volume":"73","author":"Torres-Sanchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4364","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1381-5","article-title":"Medial forebrain bundle deep brain stimulation reverses anhedonic-like behavior in a chronic model of depression: Importance of BDNF and inflammatory cytokines.","volume":"56","author":"Dandekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.10.003","article-title":"Effect of deep brain stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex on the noradrenergic system in rats.","volume":"11","author":"Torres-Sanchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008120","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation reveals emotional impact processing in ventromedial prefrontal cortex.","volume":"4","author":"Gjedde","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.03.021","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the lateral habenula in treatment resistant major depression.","volume":"69","author":"Sartorius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.03.021","article-title":"Sleep duration and timing in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): evidence for circadian phase delay.","volume":"72","author":"Coles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(92)90025-X","article-title":"Melatonin and cortisol secretion in patients with primary obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"44","author":"Catapano","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00512-X","article-title":"Plasma melatonin and cortisol in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: relationship with axillary temperature, physical activity, and clinical symptoms.","volume":"44","author":"Millet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(95)00013-5","article-title":"Plasma melatonin and cortisol circadian patterns in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder before and after fluoxetine treatment.","volume":"20","author":"Monteleone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2015.1021918","article-title":"The use of agomelatine in OCD: effects on the motivational aspects and dysregulated circadian rhythms.","volume":"24","author":"Perugi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.353479","article-title":"Agomelatine: a potential novel approach for the treatment of memory disorder in neurodegenerative disease.","volume":"18","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e318223421f","article-title":"Is circadian rhythm disruption important in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? A case of successful augmentation with agomelatine for the treatment of OCD.","volume":"34","author":"da Rocha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2019.102173","article-title":"A systematic review of case studies testing a melatonergic agonist\/ 5HT2c antagonist for individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder.","volume":"69","author":"Coles","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20231219075928_r94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyw003","article-title":"Agomelatine increases BDNF serum levels in depressed patients in correlation with the improvement of depressive symptoms.","volume":"19","author":"Martinotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.963","article-title":"Effect of agomelatine and fluoxetine on HAM-D score, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and tumor necrosis factor- \u03b1 level in patients with major depressive disorder with severe depression.","volume":"57","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2012.06.016","article-title":"Synergistic mechanisms involved in the antidepressant effects of agomelatine.","volume":"22","author":"Tardito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109703","article-title":"The effects of agomelatine on endoplasmic reticulum stress related to mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampus of aging rat model.","volume":"351","author":"Chanmanee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.03.019","article-title":"Effects of agomelatine on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling, kindling-associated oxidative stress, and behavioral despair in mice and modulation of its actions by luzindole and 1-(m-chlorophenyl) piperazine.","volume":"72","author":"Azim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.2174\/1567202612666150603130235","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of agomelatine and vinpocetine against chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced vascular dementia.","volume":"12","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neurovasc Res"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01817-0","article-title":"Insulinopathies of the brain? Genetic overlap between somatic insulin-related and neuropsychiatric disorders.","volume":"12","author":"Fanelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152329","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder, insulin signaling and diabetes \u2013 A novel form of physical health comorbidity: The sweet compulsive brain.","volume":"117","author":"Grassi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0793-y","article-title":"Shared genetic etiology between obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the population, and insulin signaling.","volume":"10","author":"Bralten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000446918","article-title":"Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case-control study.","volume":"74","author":"Rosso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2017.03.013","article-title":"Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment: A prospective study of medication-na\u00efve OCD patients.","volume":"28","author":"Narayanaswamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2013-1230","article-title":"Anxiety disorders are associated with quality of life impairment in patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes: a case-control study.","volume":"36","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Bras Psiquiatr"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S304904","article-title":"The mental status in patients with diabetes mellitus admitted to a diabetes clinic after presenting in the emergency room: The application of the SCL-90 scale. Diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Albai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes."},{"key":"key20231219075928_r107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0559-6","article-title":"Converging evidence points towards a role of insulin signaling in regulating compulsive behavior.","volume":"9","author":"van de Vondervoort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2017-0155","article-title":"Improved serotonergic neurotransmission by genistein pretreatment regulates symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.","volume":"29","author":"Phadnis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2022.03.001","article-title":"Insulin action in the brain: cell types, circuits, and diseases.","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140327","article-title":"An integrated molecular landscape implicates the regulation of dendritic spine formation through insulin-related signalling in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder.","volume":"41","author":"van de Vondervoort","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r111","first-page":"18","article-title":"Risperidone-induced type 2 diabetes presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis.","volume":"2018","author":"Hui Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R279","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00236.2021","article-title":"Systematic review of the impact of genistein on diabetes-related outcomes.","volume":"323","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"key20231219075928_r113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01229","article-title":"Insulin signaling as a key moderator in myotonic dystrophy type 1.","volume":"10","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E99","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.220200","article-title":"Metformin for the treatment of antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances in people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.","volume":"48","author":"Stogios","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.04.020","article-title":"Learning from animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"79","author":"Monteiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shephard E, Batistuzzo MC, Hoexter MQ, Stern ER, Zuccolo PF, Ogawa CY, et al. Neurocircuit models of obsessive-compulsive disorder: limitations and future directions for research. Brazilian J Psychiatry. 2022;44:187-200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-1709","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-1709"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S211703","article-title":"Investigating the Role of Glutamate in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current Perspectives.","volume":"16","author":"Karthik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170320104237","article-title":"Glutamate-Modulating Drugs as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.","volume":"15","author":"Marinova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1062-8","article-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Autoimmunity and Neuroinflammation.","volume":"21","author":"Gerentes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"key20231219075928_r120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S255375","article-title":"Investigational and Experimental Drugs to Treat Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.","volume":"12","author":"Grassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Biochemia medica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biochemia-medica.com\/en\/journal\/34\/1\/10.11613\/BM.2024.010503\/fullArticle","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T14:38:06Z","timestamp":1718203086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biochemia-medica.com\/en\/journal\/34\/1\/10.11613\/BM.2024.010503"}},"subtitle":["Evidences from clinical studies"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11613\/bm.2024.010503","relation":{},"ISSN":["1846-7482","1330-0962"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1846-7482"},{"type":"print","value":"1330-0962"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]]}}}