{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:58:33Z","timestamp":1788893913334,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Croatian Society for Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biochem. med. (Online)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Procollagen I carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP) is a cleavage product of procollagen I, the precursor of type I collagen. Type I collagen is the most abundant type of collagen in the human body and plays a central role in maintaining structural integrity across tissues such as skin, bone, vasculature, and connective organs. Procollagen I carboxy-terminal propeptide, released during collagen synthesis, has been associated with fibrotic activity and tissue remodeling in different conditions across organ systems, including the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, skin, and musculoskeletal system. Although many studies have investigated PICP in individual diseases, ranging from cardiomyopathies to liver cirrhosis and chronic lung disorders, its overall diagnostic and prognostic value remain incompletely defined. Serum PICP is a biomarker of fibrotic activity, with potential to be a valuable screening tool or component of diagnostic risk scores before moving to invasive methods such as biopsy. The ability to monitor fibrotic progression or therapeutic response through a simple blood test presents an opportunity for earlier diagnosis, improved disease stratification, and more efficient treatment monitoring. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on PICP, focusing on its biological role in collagen metabolism and clinical applications. By critically evaluating recent advances in assay methodologies, reference ranges, and interpretation in diverse patient populations, this review highlights both the strengths and limitations of PICP as a diagnostic and prognostic tool to identify future directions for research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11613\/bm.2026.020502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T08:00:59Z","timestamp":1775721659000},"page":"199-213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Procollagen I carboxy-terminal propeptide"],"prefix":"10.11613","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Shervinchris Philip","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swetha","family":"Sundara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niharika","family":"Ikkurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon Philip","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4885","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20260409080054_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cb.04.110188.003003","article-title":"New Collagens, New Concepts.","volume":"4","author":"Burgeson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Biol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12415","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012415","article-title":"Collagen Family as Promising Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Cancer.","volume":"23","author":"Necula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1134\/S0022093012020016","article-title":"A current viewpoint on structure and evolution of collagens. I. Fibrillar collagens.","volume":"48","author":"Ivanova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Evol Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/36.7.1328","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay of the carboxyterminal propeptide of human type I procollagen.","volume":"36","author":"Melkko","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.14.1729","article-title":"Serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I is a marker of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease.","volume":"101","author":"Querejeta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.06.028","article-title":"Biomarkers of the extracellular matrix and of collagen fragments.","volume":"443","author":"Chalikias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.186.4169.1115","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay for human procollagen.","volume":"186","author":"Taubman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199212000-00011","article-title":"Collagen types I and III propeptides as markers of healing in chronic leg ulcers. A noninvasive method for the determination of procollagen propeptides in wound fluid--influence of growth hormone.","volume":"216","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(90)90067-2","article-title":"Serum concentrations of the carboxyterminal cross-linking domain of procollagen type IV (NC1) and the aminoterminal propeptide of procollagen type III (PIIIP) in chronic liver disease.","volume":"10","author":"Hayasaka","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64847-X","article-title":"The value of serum carboxyterminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen in predicting bone metastases in prostate cancer.","volume":"157","author":"Nakashima","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e31821823d9","article-title":"Biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis.","volume":"57","author":"de Jong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80224-4","article-title":"Type 1 procollagen as a biochemical marker of growth in children with inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"109","author":"Hyams","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.06.001","article-title":"Collagen biomarkers and subclinical interstitial lung disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.","volume":"140","author":"Madahar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197907053010104","article-title":"The biosynthesis of collagen and its disorders (first of two parts).","volume":"301","author":"Prockop","year":"1979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679509157688","article-title":"Collagen propeptides as indicators of collagen assembly.","volume":"266","author":"Risteli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand Suppl"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r16","first-page":"897","article-title":"Evolution of Circulating C-Terminal Propeptide of Type I Procollagen in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Pre and Post Renal Transplantation.","volume":"34","author":"Bonnin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650080202","article-title":"Serum markers of type I collagen formation and degradation in metabolic bone disease: correlation with bone histomorphometry.","volume":"8","author":"Eriksen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.2.405","article-title":"Clearance of NH2-terminal propeptides of types I and III procollagen is a physiological function of the scavenger receptor in liver endothelial cells.","volume":"179","author":"Melkko","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2025.03.001","article-title":"Circulating collagen type I fragments as specific biomarkers of cardiovascular outcome risk: Where are the opportunities?","volume":"137","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16290-9","article-title":"Production of recombinant human procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide and establishment of a sandwich ELISA for quantification.","volume":"7","author":"Seo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/13685530600708631","article-title":"The predictive role of bone turnover markers for BMD in middle-aged men.","volume":"9","author":"Donescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7312","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i23.7312","article-title":"Pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis.","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1984.tb05684.x","article-title":"Diagnostic value of serum procollagen peptide measurements in alcoholic liver disease.","volume":"8","author":"Savolainen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(93)90173-8","article-title":"Procollagen type 1 C-terminal extension peptide, PTH and 1,25 (OH) 2D3 in chronic renal failure.","volume":"14","author":"Coen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.8.2565","article-title":"Collagen scar formation after acute myocardial infarction: relationships to infarct size, left ventricular function, and coronary artery patency.","volume":"96","author":"Uusimaa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.3.286","article-title":"Usefulness of serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I in assessment of the cardioreparative ability of antihypertensive treatment in hypertensive patients.","volume":"104","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2019.107150","article-title":"Procollagen type I carboxy-terminal propeptide (PICP) and MMP-2 are potential biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r28","first-page":"421","article-title":"The novel diagnostic marker in low-LVEF heart failure patients.","volume":"119","author":"Demir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.06.048","article-title":"Elevated Pre-Operative Serum Peptides for Collagen I and III Synthesis Result in Post-Surgical Atrial Fibrillation.","volume":"60","author":"Swartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.074","article-title":"Combination of Circulating Type I Collagen-Related Biomarkers Is Associated With Atrial Fibrillation.","volume":"73","author":"Ravassa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175695","article-title":"Biomarkers of Collagen Metabolism Are Associated with Left Ventricular Function and Prognosis in Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Multi-Modal Study.","volume":"12","author":"Raafs","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.14503\/THIJ-14-4198","article-title":"Serum versus Imaging Biomarkers in Friedreich Ataxia to Indicate Left Ventricular Remodeling and Outcomes.","volume":"43","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.52.5.338","article-title":"Serum osteocalcin and carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"52","author":"Kr\u00f6ger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R457","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1215","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy, calcium and vitamin D3 versus calcium and vitamin D3 alone decreases markers of cartilage and bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Forsblad d\u2019Elia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep079","article-title":"The decrease of soluble RAGE levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients following hormone replacement therapy is associated with increased bone mineral density and diminished bone\/cartilage turnover: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"48","author":"Pullerits","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/32.9.787","article-title":"Transient decrease in osteocalcin and markers of type 1 collagen turnover during high-dose corticosteroid pulse therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"32","author":"Lems","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb08745.x","article-title":"Increased levels of type I and III collagen and hyaluronan in scleroderma skin.","volume":"136","author":"S\u00f8ndergaard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-005-0064-5","article-title":"Serum concentrations of aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen and propeptide of human type I procollagen in systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"26","author":"Villa-Manzano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.10.1110","article-title":"Circulating collagen metabolites in systemic sclerosis. Differences between limited and diffuse form and relationship with pulmonary involvement.","volume":"39","author":"Scheja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)90341-0","article-title":"The use of serologic markers for collagen synthesis and degradation in systemic sclerosis.","volume":"32","author":"Heickendorff","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00370731","article-title":"Serum concentration of procollagen type I carboxyterminal propeptide in systemic sclerosis.","volume":"286","author":"Kikuchi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050300","article-title":"Serum concentrations of carboxyterminal propeptide of type 1 procollogen and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 in patients with dermatomyositis.","volume":"290","author":"Kubo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-1837-1","article-title":"Multiple biomarkers analysis for the early detection of prosthetic aseptic loosening of hip arthroplasty.","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400312","article-title":"Relationship between biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone scintigraphic indices in assessment of Paget\u2019s disease activity.","volume":"40","author":"Alvarez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.7.1083","article-title":"Relationship of Bone Turnover to Bone Density and Fractures.","volume":"12","author":"Melton","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r46","first-page":"463","article-title":"Type I collagen biomarkers in the diagnosis of bone metastases in breast cancer, lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer and prostate cancer. Comparison to CEA, CA 15-3, PSA and bone scintigraphy.","volume":"14","author":"Zissimopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"JBUON"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s002230010053","article-title":"Bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in peri- and postmenopausal women.","volume":"66","author":"De Leo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.07.091","article-title":"Rapid and robust response of biochemical markers of bone formation to teriparatide therapy.","volume":"45","author":"Glover","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.12.032","article-title":"Correlations between biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone density responses in patients with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis treated with teriparatide or alendronate.","volume":"46","author":"Burshell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/11772719251336274","article-title":"Latest Advances in Structural Insights and Quantification Techniques for Type I Collagen Biomarkers: A path toward standardization?","volume":"20","author":"Demeuse","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomark Insights"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r51","first-page":"162","article-title":"Correlation of procollagen (I) with prostate specific antigen and bone scan for the diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with prostate carcinoma.","volume":"7","author":"Zissimopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hell J Nucl Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r52","first-page":"69","article-title":"Association between bone scintigraphy and serum levels of procollagen (I) and PSA in the detection of bone disease in prostate cancer patients.","volume":"13","author":"Zissimopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"JBUON"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050705","article-title":"Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Detection and Prediction. J","volume":"13","author":"Ying","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r54","first-page":"60","article-title":"Procollagen-I, collagen telopeptide I, CEA, CA 15-3 as compared to bone scintigraphy in patients with breast cancer.","volume":"9","author":"Zissimopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hell J Nucl Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r55","first-page":"4481","article-title":"Preoperative high type I collagen degradation marker ICTP reflects advanced breast cancer.","volume":"19","author":"Keskikuru","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2017.161021","article-title":"Application of Bone Turnover Markers PICP and \u03b2-CTx in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer with Bone Metastases.","volume":"64","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.692788","article-title":"Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers for Lung Cancer Bone Metastasis and Their Therapeutic Value.","volume":"11","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r58","first-page":"5577","article-title":"Serum type I collagen degradation markers, ICTP and CrossLaps, are factors for poor survival in lung cancer.","volume":"19","author":"Ylisirni\u00f6","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r59","first-page":"3193","article-title":"Comparison of bone scintigraphy with bone markers in the diagnosis of bone metastasis in lung carcinoma patients.","volume":"24","author":"Ebert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(02)00139-7","article-title":"Discrepant expression of carboxy- and aminoterminal propeptides of type I procollagen predicts poor clinical outcome in epithelial ovarian cancer.","volume":"88","author":"Simojoki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00700.x","article-title":"Serum type I collagen propeptide and severity of alcoholic liver disease.","volume":"16","author":"Niemel\u00e4","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.4.731","article-title":"Collagen-Related Markers of Bone Turnover Reflect the Severity of Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis.","volume":"13","author":"Gua\u00f1abens","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r63","first-page":"CR19","article-title":"Procollagen I carboxyterminal propeptide (PICP) as a bone formation marker and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) as a bone degradation marker in children with chronic renal failure under conservative therapy.","volume":"9","author":"Polak-Jonkisz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(99)00137-0","article-title":"Serum levels of carboxy-terminal propeptide of human type I procollagen are an indicator for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.","volume":"48","author":"Inukai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r65","first-page":"62","article-title":"Cardiac and Renal Fibrosis, the Silent Killer in the Cardiovascular Continuum: An Up-to-Date.","volume":"11","author":"Chiuariu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12083003","article-title":"Connection between Cardiac Fibrosis Biomarkers and Echocardiography Parameters in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.","volume":"12","author":"Ureche","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13020389","article-title":"Predictive Value of Collagen Biomarkers in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.","volume":"13","author":"Ureche","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4250\/jcu.2009.17.4.127","article-title":"Comparison of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Fibrosis and Dysfunction According to Various Disease Mechanisms such as Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Renal Failure.","volume":"17","author":"Koh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Ultrasound"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S188139","article-title":"Altered serum levels of type I collagen turnover indicators accompanied by IL-6 and IL-8 release in stable COPD.","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000091390","article-title":"Effect of inhaled steroids on increased collagen synthesis in asthma.","volume":"74","author":"Kai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respiration."},{"key":"key20260409080054_r71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10122725","article-title":"Propeptide levels of type III and type I procollagen in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis.","volume":"10","author":"Lammi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09081648","article-title":"Serum type I and type III procollagen peptide levels in sarcoidosis.","volume":"9","author":"Bacchella","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.3.9805060","article-title":"Type III and Type I Procollagen Markers in Fibrosing Alveolitis.","volume":"159","author":"Lammi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14c13.x","article-title":"Carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen in ELF: elevation in asbestosis, but not in pleural plaque disease.","volume":"14","author":"Lammi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.6.9811084","article-title":"Changes in collagen turnover in early acute respiratory distress syndrome.","volume":"160","author":"Armstrong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r76","first-page":"983","article-title":"Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measurements of bone density and body composition: promise and pitfalls.","volume":"13","author":"Bachrach","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24656","article-title":"Broad application prospects of bone turnover markers in pediatrics.","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1998.00371.x","article-title":"Type I and type III procollagen propeptides in amniotic fluid of normal pregnancies and in a case of mild osteogenesis imperfecta.","volume":"28","author":"Kauppila","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199911000-00015","article-title":"Bone and collagen markers in preterm infants: relationship with growth and bone mineral content over the first 10 weeks of life.","volume":"46","author":"Crofton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/172460089601100304","article-title":"Serum biochemical markers of bone turnover in healthy infants and children.","volume":"11","author":"Tommasi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Biol Markers"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100604","article-title":"Carboxy-terminal propeptide of human type I collagen and pyridinium cross-links as markers of bone growth in infants 1 to 18 months of age.","volume":"10","author":"Lieuw-A-Fa","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.2.237","article-title":"Positive linear growth and bone responses to growth hormone treatment in children with types III and IV osteogenesis imperfecta: high predictive value of the carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen.","volume":"18","author":"Marini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0132-1","article-title":"The effect of vitamin K supplementation on biochemical markers of bone formation in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.","volume":"165","author":"Nicolaidou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r84","first-page":"162","article-title":"Analysis of bone mineral density and turnover in patients with cystic fibrosis: associations between the IGF system and inflammatory cytokines.","volume":"66","author":"Street","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199703000-00016","article-title":"Bone demineralization in cystic fibrosis: evidence of imbalance between bone formation and degradation.","volume":"41","author":"Baroncelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01614.x","article-title":"The effect of short- and long-term growth hormone treatment on bone mineral density and bone metabolism of prepubertal children with idiopathic short stature: a 3-year study.","volume":"57","author":"Lanes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(95)00267-7","article-title":"Serum levels of carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen and pyridinoline crosslinked telopeptide of type I collagen in normal children and children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency during GH therapy.","volume":"17","author":"Kubo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r88","first-page":"55","article-title":"Serum levels of carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen and aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen in children with growth retardation.","volume":"26","author":"Cinaz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mater Med Pol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1420549","article-title":"Dynamics of bone turnover in children with GH deficiency treated with GH until final height.","volume":"142","author":"Baroncelli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r90","first-page":"170","article-title":"Serum levels of osteocalcin and type I procollagen in children with celiac disease.","volume":"24","author":"Pratico","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r91","first-page":"678","article-title":"Relationship between bone turnover markers and bone sound of speed in appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates.","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"CJCP"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000160591.70409.C8","article-title":"Gestational age, sex and maternal parity correlate with bone turnover in premature infants.","volume":"57","author":"Aly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200104000-00008","article-title":"Markers of type I and type III collagen turnover, insulin-like growth factors, and their binding proteins in cord plasma of small premature infants: relationships with fetal growth, gestational age, preeclampsia, and antenatal glucocorticoid treatment.","volume":"49","author":"Kajantie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r94","first-page":"224","article-title":"Normal serum indices of bone collagen biosynthesis and degradation in small for gestational age infants.","volume":"23","author":"Namgung","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.663019","article-title":"Perinatal collagen turnover markers in intrauterine growth restriction.","volume":"25","author":"Gourgiotis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-993882","article-title":"Potential biochemical growth markers in premature infants.","volume":"16","author":"Bhandari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F34","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.1.F34","article-title":"C-propeptide in the cerebrospinal fluid of neonates with posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus.","volume":"87","author":"Heep","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/03913988251316437","article-title":"Collagen as a biomaterial for skin wound healing: From structural characteristics to the production of devices for tissue engineering.","volume":"48","author":"Giorno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.4.522","article-title":"High concentrations of procollagen propeptides in chronic subdural haematoma and effusion.","volume":"74","author":"Sajanti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2016-0015","article-title":"High fibrosis indices in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with shunt-dependent post-traumatic chronic hydrocephalus.","volume":"7","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Neurosci"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2201","article-title":"The combination of carboxy\u2010terminal propeptide of procollagen type I blood levels and late gadolinium enhancement at cardiac magnetic resonance provides additional prognostic information in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy \u2013 A multilevel assessment of myocardial fibrosis in dilated cardiomyopathy.","volume":"23","author":"Raafs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15091143","article-title":"Utility of Serum Biomarkers of Myocardial Fibrosis in High-Gradient Severe Aortic Stenosis: An Explorative Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Study.","volume":"15","author":"Rajah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"key20260409080054_r103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2024.09.004","article-title":"Using targeted proteomics-based detection of collagen propeptides to quantify fibrillar collagen biogenesis in vitro.","volume":"228","author":"K\u00fchle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochimie"}],"container-title":["Biochemia medica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biochemia-medica.com\/assets\/images\/upload\/xml_tif\/bm-36-2-020502.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T13:52:48Z","timestamp":1782395568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biochemia-medica.com\/en\/journal\/36\/2\/10.11613\/BM.2026.020502"}},"subtitle":["a multi-faceted biomarker"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11613\/bm.2026.020502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1846-7482","1330-0962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1846-7482","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1330-0962","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}}}