{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:51:45Z","timestamp":1791287505013,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Croatian Society for Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biochem. med. (Online)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: In the emergency department (ED), the turnaround time (TAT) for forensic blood alcohol sampling is a critical determinant of legal admissibility. Due to the pharmacokinetics of ethanol, delays in sampling lead to metabolic decay, potentially resulting in pharmacokinetic false negatives (FNpk). This study aims to establish objective, evidence-based quality goals for intra-ED TAT using Monte Carlo simulation to preserve forensic reliability.\nMaterials and methods: Data were collected from 121 forensic cases at a major metropolitan university hospital in 2025. A Monte Carlo simulation (N = 50,000 iterations) was performed to model the probability of FNpk based on ethanol elimination rate (\u03b2), analytical imprecision (CV), and extra-ED versus intra-ED TAT components. Probability density functions (PDFs) were fitted using Weibull and Gamma distributions to characterize observed clinical and logistical data.\nResults: The simulation revealed a baseline P(FNpk) of 7.0% for the intra-ED phase, increasing to 7.6% when including extra-ED transport. Quality goals were derived for three tiers: optimal (TAT95%) at 134 minutes, acceptable (TAT80%) at 214 minutes, and minimum (TAT60%) at 273 minutes. Regression analysis showed that for every 1% increase in assay CV, the TAT quality goal erodes by 2.7 to 3.3 minutes. The logistic process was found efficient, with an Index of Logistic Reliability (ILR) of 86.4%.\nConclusions: Monte Carlo simulation effectively translates pharmacokinetic variables into actionable forensic quality goals. Current ED performance requires process improvement, particularly in the request-transmission phase, to minimize FNpk and ensure forensic equity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.11613\/bm.2026.030704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T07:10:34Z","timestamp":1786691434000},"page":"521-533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Forensic integrity of blood alcohol sampling in the emergency department, Part II: Establishing quality goals of turnaround time with Monte Carlo simulation"],"prefix":"10.11613","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Ialongo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4885","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20260814071028_r1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of ethanol - Issues of forensic importance.","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r2","first-page":"179","article-title":"Laboratory turnaround time.","volume":"28","author":"Hawkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2008.027","article-title":"Quality indicators.","volume":"18","author":"Simundic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2026.030703","article-title":"Forensic integrity of blood alcohol sampling in the Emergency Department, Part I: Epidemiology and factors affecting turnaround time.","volume":"36","author":"Sapio","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.02.021","article-title":"Evidence-based survey of the elimination rates of ethanol from blood with applications in forensic casework.","volume":"200","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(85)90126-4","article-title":"Evaluation of breath-alcohol instruments. IV. Roadside tests with Alcolmeter pocket model.","volume":"28","author":"Jones","year":"1985","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.03.019","article-title":"Comparison of breath-alcohol screening test results with venous blood alcohol concentration in suspected drunken drivers.","volume":"239","author":"Kriikku","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.05.039","article-title":"Ethanol elimination rates at low concentrations based on two consecutive blood samples.","volume":"266","author":"H\u00f8iseth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-0214","article-title":"Setting analytical performance specifications based on outcome studies - is it possible?","volume":"53","author":"Horvath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2024-0125","article-title":"Outcome-based analytical performance specifications: current status and future challenges.","volume":"62","author":"Horvath","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2024.010501","article-title":"Blood alcohol concentration in the clinical laboratory: a narrative review of the preanalytical phase in diagnostic and forensic testing.","volume":"34","author":"Ialongo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"key":"key20260814071028_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2025.030501","article-title":"The enzymatic analysis of alcohol (ethanol) in serum and plasma with the alcohol dehydrogenase reagent: focus on intra-analytical and post-analytical aspects.","volume":"35","author":"Ialongo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"}],"container-title":["Biochemia medica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biochemia-medica.com\/en\/journal\/36\/3\/10.11613\/BM.2026.030704\/fullArticle","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:01:09Z","timestamp":1791284469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biochemia-medica.com\/en\/journal\/36\/3\/10.11613\/BM.2026.030704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11613\/bm.2026.030704","relation":{},"ISSN":["1846-7482","1330-0962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1846-7482","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1330-0962","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}}}