{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:30:26Z","timestamp":1784874626806,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Top-down modulation underlies our ability to selectively attend to relevant stimuli and to ignore irrelevant stimuli. Theories addressing neural mechanisms of top-down modulation are driven by studies that reveal increased magnitude of neural activity in response to directed attention, but are limited by a lack of data reporting modulation of neural processing speed, as well as comparisons with a perceptual (passive view) baseline necessary to evaluate the presence of enhancement and suppression. Utilizing functional MRI (fMRI) and event-related potential recordings (ERPs), we provide converging evidence that both themagnitude of neural activity and thespeed of neural processing are modulated by top-down influences. Furthermore, bothenhancement andsuppression occur relative to a perceptual baseline depending on task instruction. These findings reveal the fine degree of influence that goal-directed attention exerts upon activity within the visual association cortex. We further document capacity limitations in top-down enhancement corresponding with working memory performance deficits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929053279522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,15]],"date-time":"2005-03-15T03:37:17Z","timestamp":1110857837000},"page":"507-517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":382,"title":["Top-down Enhancement and Suppression of the Magnitude and Speed of Neural Activity"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Gazzaley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Cooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"D'Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, 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