{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:44:21Z","timestamp":1767084261814},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Presence: Teleoperators &amp; Virtual Environments"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Three experiments investigated the effect of implementing low-level aspects of motor control for a collaborative carrying task within a VE interface, leaving participants free to devote their cognitive resources to the higher-level components of the task. In the task, participants collaborated with an autonomous virtual human in an immersive virtual environment (VE) to carry an object along a predefined path. In experiment 1, participants took up to three times longer to perform the task with a conventional VE interface, in which they had to explicitly coordinate their hand and body movements, than with an interface that controlled the low-level tasks of grasping and holding onto the virtual object. Experiments 2 and 3 extended the study to include the task of carrying an object along a path that contained obstacles to movement. By allowing participants' virtual arms to stretch slightly, the interface software was able to take over some aspects of obstacle avoidance (another low-level task), and this led to further significant reductions in the time that participants took to perform the carrying task. Improvements in performance also occurred when participants used a tethered viewpoint to control their movements because they could see their immediate surroundings in the VEs. This latter finding demonstrates the superiority of a tethered view perspective to a conventional, human'seye perspective for this type of task. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603321640914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,7]],"date-time":"2003-05-07T21:41:04Z","timestamp":1052343664000},"page":"140-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Levels of Control During a Collaborative Carrying Task"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Roy A.","family":"Ruddle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of Leeds, UK,"}]},{"given":"Justin C. D.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK"}]},{"given":"Dylan M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089103300107"},{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/365058.365082"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640747708400596"},{"key":"p_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566152"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/365058.365088"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089403600104"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916584162001"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97880.97898"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601753132687"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566143"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.1.2.110"}],"container-title":["Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/105474603321640914","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:27:41Z","timestamp":1615584461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article\/12\/2\/140-155\/18443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1162\/105474603321640914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474603321640914","relation":{},"ISSN":["1054-7460"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1054-7460","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}}}