{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:59:07Z","timestamp":1775199547739,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Presence: Teleoperators &amp; Virtual Environments"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We report on an experiment that examined the influence of anthropomorphism and perceived agency on presence, copresence, and social presence in a virtual environment. The experiment varied the level of anthropomorphism of the image of interactants: high anthropomorphism, low anthropomorphism, or no image. Perceived agency was manipulated by telling the participants that the image was either an avatar controlled by a human, or an agent controlled by a computer. The results support the prediction that people respond socially to both human and computer-controlled entities, and that the existence of a virtual image increases tele-presence. Participants interacting with the less-anthropomorphic image reported more copresence and social presence than those interacting with partners represented by either no image at all or by a highly anthropomorphic image of the other, indicating that the more anthropomorphic images set up higher expectations that lead to reduced presence when these expectations were not met. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/105474603322761289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,9]],"date-time":"2004-02-09T23:56:08Z","timestamp":1076370968000},"page":"481-494","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":862,"title":["The Effect of the Agency and Anthropomorphism on Users' Sense of Telepresence, Copresence, and Social Presence in Virtual Environments"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kristine L.","family":"Nowak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut,"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Biocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Media Interface & Network, Design Lab, Michigan State University,"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/379300.379322"},{"key":"p_4","author":"Biocca F.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 3(2), Retrieved from http:\/\/www. ascusc.org\/jcmc\/vol3\/issue2\/biocca2.html."},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089443939901700306"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758709390214"},{"key":"p_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779591386"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/088395199117423"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658219508253153"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0017.1986.tb00324.x"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.2.262"},{"key":"p_28","first-page":"275","volume":"8","author":"Lanier J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Interactive Learning International"},{"key":"p_35","first-page":"44","volume":"2","author":"Minsky M.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Omni"},{"key":"p_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153"},{"key":"p_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00309.x"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.1.120"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10949310151088479"},{"key":"p_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365096023001001"},{"key":"p_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.3.829"},{"key":"p_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/019722497129070"}],"container-title":["Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/105474603322761289","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:27:47Z","timestamp":1615584467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/pvar\/article\/12\/5\/481-494\/58920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1162\/105474603322761289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/105474603322761289","relation":{},"ISSN":["1054-7460"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1054-7460","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}}}