{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T19:30:05Z","timestamp":1772825405823,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Presence: Teleoperators &amp; Virtual Environments"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Surgical simulation for medical education is increasingly perceived as a valuable addition to traditional teaching methods. Simulators provide a structured learning experience, permitting practice without danger to patients, and simulators facilitate the teaching of rare or unusual cases. Simulators can also be used to provide an objective assessment of skills. This paper is a survey of current surgical simulator systems. 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