{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:04:41Z","timestamp":1780499081611,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolutionary Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The field of Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) concerns the study and development of computationally interesting abstractions of the immune system. This survey tracks the development of AIS since its inception, and then attempts to make an assessment of its usefulness, defined in terms of \u2018distinctiveness\u2019 and \u2018effectiveness.\u2019 In this paper, the standard types of AIS are examined\u2014Negative Selection, Clonal Selection and Immune Networks\u2014as well as a new breed of AIS, based on the immunological \u2018danger theory.\u2019 The paper concludes that all types of AIS largely satisfy the criteria outlined for being useful, but only two types of AIS satisfy both criteria with any certainty. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/1063656054088512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,4]],"date-time":"2005-06-04T21:04:46Z","timestamp":1117919086000},"page":"145-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["How Do We Evaluate Artificial Immune Systems?"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Simon M.","family":"Garrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3DB. UK,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1993.1.1.1"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1997.0468"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4371(92)90365-W"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80126-2"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3002(63)91800-6"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2002.1011539"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106454699568728"},{"key":"p_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2003.817026"},{"key":"p_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90072-W"},{"key":"p_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(86)90240-X"},{"key":"p_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1993.1.3.191"},{"key":"p_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2658060"},{"key":"p_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026195112518"},{"key":"p_65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106365600568257"},{"key":"p_68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/scj.4690240604"},{"key":"p_71","first-page":"373","volume":"125","author":"Jerne N.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annals of Immunology"},{"key":"p_77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071059"},{"key":"p_79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068883"},{"key":"p_94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.5.1691"},{"key":"p_95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.69.1219"},{"key":"p_100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00160176"},{"key":"p_101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-2647(99)00092-1"},{"key":"p_103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80334-0"},{"key":"p_106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80034-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_109","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Wierzcho\u0144 S. T.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"p_110","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Wierzcho\u0144 S. T.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Task Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Evolutionary Computation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/1063656054088512","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:31:01Z","timestamp":1615584661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/evco\/article\/13\/2\/145-177\/1207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1162\/1063656054088512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/1063656054088512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1063-6560","1530-9304"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1063-6560","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9304","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}}}