{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:18:46Z","timestamp":1767665926393},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Life"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The difficulties associated with designing, building, and controlling robots have led their development to a stasis: Applications are limited mostly to repetitive tasks with predefined behavior. Over the last few years we have been trying to address this challenge through an alternative approach: Rather than trying to control an existing machine or create a general-purpose robot, we propose that both the morphology and the controller should evolve at the same time. This process can lead to the automatic design of special-purpose mechanisms and controllers for specific short-term objectives. Here we provide a brief review of three generations of our recent research, which underlies the robots shown on the cover of this issue: Automatically designed static structures, automatically designed and manufactured dynamic electromechanical systems, and modular robots automatically designed through a generative DNA-like encoding. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/106454601753238627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T11:56:30Z","timestamp":1027770990000},"page":"215-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Three Generations of Automatically Designed Robots"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jordan B.","family":"Pollack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DEMO Laboratory, Computer Science Dept., Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA, www.demo.cs.brandeis.edu,"}]},{"given":"Hod","family":"Lipson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEMO Laboratory, Computer Science Dept., Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA, www.demo.cs.brandeis.edu"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Hornby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEMO Laboratory, Computer Science Dept., Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA, www.demo.cs.brandeis.edu"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Funes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEMO Laboratory, Computer Science Dept., Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA, www.demo.cs.brandeis.edu"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.265960"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0100"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.499791"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106454698568639"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(96)00036-X"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35023115"},{"key":"p_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1299-124"},{"key":"p_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007417214905"},{"key":"p_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.398"}],"container-title":["Artificial Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/106454601753238627","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:31:27Z","timestamp":1615584687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/artl\/article\/7\/3\/215-223\/2377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1162\/106454601753238627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/106454601753238627","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-5462","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]}}}