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Accordingly, our group has constructed a series of brain-based devices (BBDs), that is, physical devices with simulated nervous systems that guide behavior, to serve as a heuristic for testing theories of brain function. Unlike animal models, BBDs permit analysis of activity at all levels of the nervous system as the device behaves in its environment. Although the principal focus of developing BBDs has been to test theories of brain function, this type of modeling may also provide a basis for robotic design and practical applications. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/1064546053278946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,15]],"date-time":"2005-03-15T03:37:17Z","timestamp":1110857837000},"page":"63-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Brain-Based Devices for the Study of Nervous Systems and the Development of Intelligent Machines"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Krichmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald M.","family":"Edelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John J. 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