{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,2]],"date-time":"2022-04-02T12:49:53Z","timestamp":1648903793104},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Life"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The desire to start evolution from scratch inside a computer memory is as old as computing. Here we demonstrate how viable computer programs can be established de novo in a Precambrian environment without supplying any specific instantiation, just starting with random bit sequences. These programs are not self-replicators, but act much more like catalysts. The microcontrollers used in the end are the result of a long series of simplifications. The objective of this simplification process was to produce universal machines with a human-readable interface, allowing software and\/or hardware evolution to be studied. The power of the instruction set can be modified by introducing a secondary structure-folding mechanism, which is a state machine, allowing nontrivial replication to emerge with an instruction width of only a few bits. This state-machine approach not only attenuates the problems of brittleness and encoding functionality (too few bits available for coding, and too many instructions needed); it also enables the study of hardware evolution as such. Furthermore, the instruction set is sufficiently powerful to permit external signals to be processed. This information-theoretic approach forms one vertex of a triangle alongside artificial cell research and experimental research on the creation of life. Hopefully this work helps develop an understanding of how information\u2014in a similar sense to the account of functional information described by Hazen et al.\u2014is created by evolution and how this information interacts with or is embedded in its physico-chemical environment. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]],"date-time":"2010-08-16T20:11:31Z","timestamp":1281989491000},"page":"311-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enzyme-like Replication <i>de Novo<\/i> in a Microcontroller Environment"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Uwe","family":"Tangen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4655(01)00242-9"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.5819"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"143","volume":"9","author":"Barricelli N. A.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Methodos"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01556771"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.20.7937"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(91)90049-F"},{"key":"p_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.041905"},{"key":"p_10","first-page":"8","volume":"10","author":"Dewdney A. K.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spektrum der Wissenschaft"},{"key":"p_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106454601753238636"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1997.0358a.x"},{"key":"p_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00623322"},{"key":"p_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.2.757"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.47.2083"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219525906000598"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1151721"},{"key":"p_19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701744104"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(90)90032-Q"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.66.245413"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00160399"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01568"},{"key":"p_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2789(02)00493-1"},{"key":"p_28","first-page":"1343","volume":"382","author":"McCaskill J. S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"p_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.9.4191"},{"key":"p_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/358203a0"},{"key":"p_32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(95)00268-5"},{"key":"p_33","first-page":"63","volume":"7","author":"Pargellis A. N.","year":"2001","journal-title":"ALife"},{"key":"p_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0899340960070203"},{"key":"p_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90070-6"},{"key":"p_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0097-8485(94)85025-9"},{"key":"p_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1997.0908"},{"key":"p_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014538503543"},{"key":"p_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.54.3.919"},{"key":"p_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(97)90234-9"},{"key":"p_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(92)81958-6"}],"container-title":["Artificial Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/artl_a_00012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:46:17Z","timestamp":1615585577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/artl\/article\/16\/4\/311-328\/2670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1162\/artl_a_00012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/artl_a_00012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-5462","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]}}}