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Here we adopt methods from evolutionary biology to analyze a simple, yet representative, genetic programming method, linear genetic programming. We demonstrate that recombination has less disruptive effects on phenotype than mutation, that it accelerates novel phenotypic exploration, and that it particularly promotes robust phenotypes and evolves genotypic robustness and synergistic epistasis. Our results corroborate an explanation for the prevalence of recombination in complex living organisms, and helps elucidate a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the design of complex artificial evolutionary systems and intelligent algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,22]],"date-time":"2014-08-22T16:57:39Z","timestamp":1408726659000},"page":"457-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Effects of Recombination on Phenotypic Exploration and Robustness in Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Dartmouth College"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Banzhaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Memorial University"}]},{"given":"Jason H.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Dartmouth College"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04488"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014548204452"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birky, C. 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