{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T18:13:49Z","timestamp":1649182429401},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Life"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Being able to measure time, whether directly or indirectly, is a significant advantage for an organism. It allows for timely reaction to regular or predicted events, reducing the pressure for fast processing of sensory input. Thus, clocks are ubiquitous in biology. In the present article, we consider minimal abstract pure clocks in different configurations and investigate their characteristic dynamics. We are especially interested in optimally time-resolving clocks. Among these, we find fundamentally diametral clock characteristics, such as oscillatory behavior for purely local time measurement or decay-based clocks measuring time periods on a scale global to the problem. We include also sets of independent clocks ( clock bags), sequential cascades of clocks, and composite clocks with controlled dependence. Clock cascades show a condensation effect, and the composite clock shows various regimes of markedly different dynamics. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T18:53:17Z","timestamp":1573152797000},"page":"383-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring Time with Minimal Clocks"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Andrei D.","family":"Robu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hertfordshire, School of Computer Science, Adaptive Systems Research Group."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Salge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hertfordshire, School of Computer Science, Adaptive Systems Research Group"},{"name":"New York University, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Game Innovation Lab"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chrystopher L.","family":"Nehaniv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hertfordshire, School of Computer Science, Adaptive Systems Research Group"},{"name":"University of Waterloo, Faculty of Engineering, Algebraic Intelligence and Computation Lab"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Polani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hertfordshire, School of Computer Science, Adaptive Systems Research Group"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e17042432"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041053","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.6.041053","volume":"6","author":"Barato A. C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physical Review X"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e16042161"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976601753195969"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11232-010-0129-9"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.63.105"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00668821"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0409"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00941892"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2000.00164.x"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.01.006"},{"key":"bib12","volume-title":"Suprachiasmatic nucleus: The mind's clock","author":"Klein D. C.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.19.9.2387"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/artl.2008.14.1.135"},{"key":"bib15","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Artificial Life","author":"Langton C.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00237-3"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00581-4"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(87)90654-1"},{"key":"bib19","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Proceedings of the National Conference of the Japan Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","author":"Nehaniv C. L.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bib20","volume-title":"Algebraic structure of discrete dynamical systems","author":"Nehaniv C. L.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1241903"},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"201600760","author":"Oliveira N. M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A."},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/aaf81d"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2976\/1.3171566"},{"key":"bib25","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Proceedings of Artificial Life X","author":"Polani D.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8330-5_4","volume-title":"Advances in Optimization and Numerical Analysis","author":"Powell M. J. D.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bib27","volume-title":"Applications of automata theory and algebra: Via the mathematical theory of complexity to biology, physics, psychology, philosophy, and games","author":"Rhodes J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.7551\/ecal_a_061","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Artificial Life (ECAL 2017)","author":"Robu A. D.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1109\/ITW.2010.5593344","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG)","author":"Salge C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.461"},{"key":"bib31","unstructured":"Shalizi, C. R. (2001). Causal architecture, complexity and self-organization in time series and cellular automata. Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison."},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2006.18.8.1739"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220060110"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12064-011-0142-z"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1452-1_19","volume-title":"Perception-action cycle: Models, architecture and hardware","author":"Tishby N.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.7551\/978-0-262-31050-5-ch044","volume-title":"Proceedings of Artificial Life XIII","author":"van Dijk S. G.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15685241-12341241"},{"key":"bib38","author":"Wolpert D. H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv e-prints"}],"container-title":["Artificial Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/artl_a_00303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1615585672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/artl\/article\/25\/4\/383-409\/93260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1162\/artl_a_00303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/artl_a_00303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-5462","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}}}