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Previous studies showed that embodied cultured neural networks and spiking neural networks with spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) learn an action as they avoid stimulation from outside. In this article, as a result of our experiments using embodied cultured neurons, we find that there is also a second property allowing the network to avoid stimulation: If the agent cannot learn an action to avoid the external stimuli, it tends to decrease the stimulus-evoked spikes, as if to ignore the uncontrollable input. We also show such a behavior is reproduced by spiking neural networks with asymmetric STDP. We consider that these properties are to be regarded as autonomous regulation of self and nonself for the network, in which a controllable neuron is regarded as self, and an uncontrollable neuron is regarded as nonself. Finally, we introduce neural autopoiesis by proposing the principle of stimulus avoidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T17:39:47Z","timestamp":1581010787000},"page":"130-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Neural Autopoiesis: Organizing Self-Boundaries by Stimulus Avoidance in Biological and Artificial Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Masumori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo, Department of General Systems Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences."}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Sinapayen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sony Computer Science Laboratories"},{"name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth-Life Science Institute."}]},{"given":"Norihiro","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo, Department of General Systems Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences."}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Mita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo, Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology."}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Bakkum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering."}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MaxWell Biosystems AG."}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo, Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology."}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Ikegami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tokyo, Department of General Systems Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences."}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11592-000"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/5\/3\/004"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3181"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-007-0038-6"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220050376"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125639"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05973"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00659-1"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2005"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3120.003.0047","volume-title":"From animals to animats VI: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior","author":"Di Paolo E. 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