{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T07:10:58Z","timestamp":1721805058953},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The El Farol Bar problem highlights the issue of bounded rationality through a coordination problem where agents must decide individually whether or not to attend a bar without prior communication. Each agent is provided a set of attendance predictors (or decision-making strategies) and uses the previous bar attendances to guess bar attendance for a given week to determine if the bar is worth attending. We previously showed how the distribution of used strategies among the population settles into an attractor by using a spatial phase space. However, this approach was limited as it required N \u2212 1 dimensions to fully visualize the phase space of the problem, where N is the number of strategies available.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Here we propose a new approach to phase space visualization and analysis by converting the strategy dynamics into a state transition network centered on strategy distributions. The resulting weighted, directed network gives a clearer representation of the strategy dynamics once we define an attractor of the strategy phase space as a sink-strongly connected component. This enables us to study the resulting network to draw conclusions about the performance of the different strategies. We find that this approach not only is applicable to the El Farol Bar problem, but also addresses the dimensionality issue and is theoretically applicable to a wide variety of discretized complex systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T21:18:42Z","timestamp":1635887922000},"page":"113-130","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Network-Based Phase Space Analysis of the El Farol Bar Problem"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Shane","family":"St. Luce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Binghamton University, State University of New York. sstluce1@binghamton.edu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Sayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Binghamton University, State University of New York. sayama@binghamton.edu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2022050315462735300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.47","article-title":"Statistical mechanics of complex networks","volume":"74","author":"Albert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reviews of Modern Physics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050315462735300_bib2","first-page":"406","article-title":"Inductive reasoning and bounded rationality","volume":"84","author":"Arthur","year":"1994","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-020-00273-3","article-title":"Foundations of complexity economics","volume":"3","author":"Arthur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Physics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050315462735300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v3i1.13937","article-title":"Gephi: An open source software for exploring and manipulating networks","volume":"3","author":"Bastian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2022050315462735300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(97)00419-6","article-title":"Emergence of cooperation and organization in an evolutionary game","volume":"246","author":"Challet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11403-015-0150-z","article-title":"Coordination in the El Farol bar problem: The role of social preferences and social networks","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050315462735300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1137\/070710111","article-title":"Power-law distributions in empirical data","volume":"51","author":"Clauset","year":"2009","journal-title":"SIAM Review"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3145574.3145575","article-title":"Strategically forming groups in the El Farol bar problem","volume-title":"CSS 2017: Proceedings of the 2017 international conference of the computational social science society of the Americas","author":"Collins","year":"2017,"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050315462735300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.771167","article-title":"Inductive reasoning and bounded rationality reconsidered","volume":"3","author":"Fogel","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050315462735300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2005.04.006","article-title":"Imitation processes with small mutations","volume":"131","author":"Fudenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Theory"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022050315462735300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article e98679","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098679","article-title":"ForceAtlas2, a continuous graph layout algorithm for handy network visualization designed for the Gephi software","volume":"9","author":"Jacomy","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72586-2_91","article-title":"Directed network representation of discrete dynamical maps","volume-title":"Computational science - ICCS 2007: 7th international conference","author":"Kyriakopoulos","year":"2007,"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3133\/pp252","volume-title":"The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications","author":"Leopold","year":"1953"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022050315462735300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600830566","article-title":"Bounded rationality in agent-based models: Experiments with evolutionary programs","volume":"20","author":"Manson","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-7b98e3ed-009","article-title":"Mesa: An Agent-Based Modeling Framework","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th Python in science conference (SciPy 2015)","author":"Masad","year":"2015, 6\u201312"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib16","article-title":"The minority game: An introductory guide","author":"Moro","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 5603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19244-4","article-title":"Navigating the landscape of games","volume":"11","author":"Omidshafei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib18","unstructured":"Papakonstantinou, A. (2006). The El Farol bar problem for next generation systems[Unpublished Master's thesis]. The University of York."},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib19","unstructured":"Rand, W. (2007). The El Farol bar problem and computational effort: Why people fail to use bars efficiently[Unpublished Master's thesis]. Northwestern University."},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib20","article-title":"Strong attractors in stochastic adaptive networks: Emergence and characterization","author":"Santos","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib21","volume-title":"Introduction to the modeling and analysis of complex systems","author":"Sayama","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 3469263","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3469263","article-title":"Simulating systems thinking under bounded rationality","volume":"2020","author":"Sellers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00339","article-title":"Phase spaces of the strategy evolution in the El Farol bar problem","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ALIFE 2020: The 2020 conference on artificial life","author":"St. Luce","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_x_00359","article-title":"Errata: Phase spaces of the strategy evolution in the El Farol bar problem","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ALIFE 2020: The 2020 conference on artificial life","author":"St. Luce","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib25","volume-title":"Quantifying node associations with attractors in dynamical systems and complex networks","author":"St. Luce","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022050315462735300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 153","DOI":"10.25088\/ComplexSystems.21.2.153","article-title":"The El Farol bar problem as an iterated N-person game","volume":"21","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 058301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.058301","article-title":"Stochastic dynamics through hierarchically embedded Markov chains","volume":"118","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"key":"2022050315462735300_bib28","article-title":"Discrete dynamical networks, basins of attraction, and content addressable memory","volume-title":"International workshop on the grand challenge in non-classical computation","author":"Wuensche","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Artificial Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/artl\/article-pdf\/27\/2\/113\/2019530\/artl_a_00347.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/artl\/article-pdf\/27\/2\/113\/2019530\/artl_a_00347.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T10:17:45Z","timestamp":1673691465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/artl\/article\/27\/2\/113\/107885\/Network-Based-Phase-Space-Analysis-of-the-El-Farol"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/artl_a_00347","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-5462","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}