{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T08:41:36Z","timestamp":1771231296352,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The year 2024 marks the 25th anniversary of the publication of evoloops, an evolutionary variant of Chris Langton\u2019s self-reproducing loops, which proved constructively that Darwinian evolution of self-reproducing organisms by variation and natural selection is possible within deterministic cellular automata. Over the last few decades, this line of Artificial Life research has since undergone several important developments. Although it experienced a relative dormancy of activity for a while, the recent rise of interest in open-ended evolution and the success of continuous cellular automata models have brought researchers\u2019 attention back to how to make spatiotemporal patterns self-reproduce and evolve within spatially distributed computational media. This article provides a review of the relevant literature on this topic over the past 25 years and highlights the major accomplishments made so far, the challenges being faced, and promising future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T18:46:33Z","timestamp":1726253193000},"page":"81-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Self-Reproduction and Evolution in Cellular Automata: 25 Years After Evoloops"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Sayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton Center of Complex Systems"},{"name":"Waseda University, Waseda Innovation Lab. sayama@binghamton.edu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chrystopher L.","family":"Nehaniv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo Institute for Complexity and Innovation, Department of Systems Design Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics"},{"name":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science. chrystopher.nehaniv@uwaterloo.ca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2025022519462329600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3390\/e19090461","article-title":"Physical universality, state-dependent dynamical laws and open-ended novelty","volume":"19","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022519462329600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00810-8","article-title":"Formal definitions of unbounded evolution and innovation reveal universal mechanisms for open-ended evolution in dynamical systems","volume":"7","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025022519462329600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(71)80009-0","article-title":"Tesselation structures for reproduction of arbitrary patterns","volume":"5","author":"Amoroso","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.7551\/ecal_a_073","article-title":"Open-ended evolution in cellular automata worlds","volume-title":"ECAL 2017, the Fourteenth European Conference on Artificial Life","author":"Andras","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022519462329600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22931","article-title":"The holobiont concept before Margulis","volume":"334","author":"Baedke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part B"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib6","first-page":"431","article-title":"Measurement of evolutionary activity","volume-title":"Artificial Life II","author":"Bedau","year":"1992"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib7","first-page":"189","article-title":"A classification of long-term evolutionary dynamics","volume-title":"Artificial Life VI","author":"Bedau","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429487309","volume-title":"Winning ways for your mathematical plays","author":"Berlekamp","year":"2001\u20132004","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400858712","volume-title":"The evolution of individuality","author":"Buss","year":"1989"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025022519462329600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(89)90242-X","article-title":"Self-reproduction in small cellular automata","volume":"34","author":"Byl","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022519462329600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.25088\/ComplexSystems.28.3.251","article-title":"Lenia: Biology of artificial life","volume":"28","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00297","article-title":"Lenia and expanded universe","volume-title":"ALIFE 2020: The 2020 conference on Artificial Life","author":"Chan","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1145\/3583133.3590670","article-title":"Towards large-scale simulations of open-ended evolution in continuous cellular automata","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Companion Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation","author":"Chan","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib14","author":"Cisneros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Unsupervised learning in complex systems"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI44817.2019.9002840","article-title":"Evolving structures in complex systems","volume-title":"2019 IEEE symposium series on computational intelligence (SSCI)","author":"Cisneros","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib16","author":"Foundation","year":"2024","journal-title":"About prion disease"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib17","volume-title":"Cellular automata","author":"Codd","year":"1968"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025022519462329600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x","article-title":"On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection","volume":"3","author":"Darwin","year":"1858","journal-title":"Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London: Zoology"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00530","article-title":"Glaberish: Generalizing the continuously-valued Lenia framework to arbitrary life-like cellular automata","volume-title":"ALIFE 2022: Artificial Life conference proceedings","author":"Davis","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1070-120","article-title":"The fantastic combinations of John Conway\u2019s new solitaire game \u201cLife.\u201d","volume":"223","author":"Gardner","year":"1970","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physd.2013.07.012","article-title":"Self-adaptive self-reproductions in cellular automata","volume":"263","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022519462329600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1162\/artl.2010.16.2.16200","article-title":"Codd\u2019s self-replicating computer","volume":"16","author":"Hutton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022519462329600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2007.05.014","article-title":"From a homeostatic to a homeodynamic self","volume":"91","author":"Ikegami","year":"2008","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00425","article-title":"Introducing asymptotics to the state-updating rule in Lenia","volume-title":"ALIFE 2021: The 2021 conference on Artificial Life","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025022519462329600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9060328","article-title":"Autocatalysis, autopoiesis, and the opportunity cost of individuality","volume":"9","author":"Kliska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00638","article-title":"Implementation of Lenia as a reaction-diffusion system","volume-title":"ALIFE 2023: The 2023 conference on Artificial Life","author":"Kojima","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022519462329600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90294-6","article-title":"Automata models of reproduction by self-inspection","volume":"66","author":"Laing","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025022519462329600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(84)90256-2","article-title":"Self-reproduction in cellular automata","volume":"10","author":"Langton","year":"1984","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2025022519462329600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(86)90237-X","article-title":"Studying Artificial Life with cellular automata","volume":"22","author":"Langton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article 105245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2024.105245","article-title":"Aggregate boid behaviour to aid in artificial autopoietic organization","volume":"242","author":"Lawrence","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022519462329600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.661547","article-title":"Automatic discovery of self replicating structures in cellular automata","volume":"1","author":"Lohn","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib32","volume-title":"Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation","author":"Margulis","year":"1991"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025022519462329600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1162\/106454600300103674","article-title":"John von Neumann and the evolutionary growth of complexity: Looking backward, looking forward","volume":"6","author":"McMullin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022519462329600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1162\/1064546041255548","article-title":"Thirty years of computational autopoiesis: A review","volume":"10","author":"McMullin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691223865","volume-title":"Darwinian dynamics: Evolutionary transitions in fitness and individuality","author":"Michod","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1090\/psapm\/014\/9961","article-title":"Machine models of self-reproduction","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fourteenth symposium on applied mathematics","author":"Moore","year":"1962"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022519462329600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.23915\/distill.00023","article-title":"Growing neural cellular automata","volume":"5","author":"Mordvintsev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Distill"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022519462329600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3975(96)00083-7","article-title":"Self-reproduction in a reversible cellular space","volume":"168","author":"Morita","year":"1996","journal-title":"Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib39","first-page":"65","article-title":"Evolution in asynchronous cellular automata","volume-title":"Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Artificial Life","author":"Nehaniv","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/11571155_13","article-title":"Self-replication, evolvability and asynchronicity in stochastic worlds","volume-title":"Stochastic algorithms: Foundations and applications\u2014third international symposium, SAGA 2005, Proceedings 3","author":"Nehaniv","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib41","first-page":"280","article-title":"Self-replication and reproduction: Considerations and obstacles for rigorous definitions","volume-title":"Third German workshop on Artificial Life","author":"Nehaniv","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025022519462329600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2012.0868","article-title":"The \u201cstrong\u201d RNA world hypothesis: Fifty years old","volume":"13","author":"Neveu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib43","volume-title":"The distributed ghost: Cellular automata, distributed dynamical systems, and their applications to intelligence\u2014ALIFE 2023 workshop","author":"Nichele","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1109\/ALIFE.2007.367788","article-title":"Sexyloop: Self-reproduction, evolution and sex in cellular automata","volume-title":"2007 IEEE symposium on Artificial Life","author":"Oros","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ALIFE.2009.4937687","article-title":"Dude, where is my sex gene? Persistence of sex over evolutionary time in cellular automata","volume-title":"2009 IEEE symposium on Artificial Life","author":"Oros","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022519462329600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_e_00282","article-title":"Open-ended evolution and open-endedness: Editorial introduction to the Open-Ended Evolution I special issue","volume":"25","author":"Packard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022519462329600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00291","article-title":"An overview of open-ended evolution: Editorial introduction to the Open-Ended Evolution II special issue","volume":"25","author":"Packard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00651","volume-title":"Flow-Lenia: Towards open-ended evolution in cellular automata through mass conservation and parameter localization","author":"Plantec","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib49","first-page":"371","article-title":"An approach to the synthesis of life","volume-title":"Artificial Life II","author":"Ray","year":"1991"},{"issue":"5099","key":"2025022519462329600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1126\/science.259.5099.1282","article-title":"Simple systems that exhibit self-directed replication","volume":"259","author":"Reggia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2025022519462329600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2004.07.004","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics of cellular automata\u2013based self-replicators in hostile environments","volume":"78","author":"Salzberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025022519462329600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/cplx.20060","article-title":"Complex genetic evolution of artificial self-replicators in cellular automata","volume":"10","author":"Salzberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30479-1_17","article-title":"Heredity, complexity, and surprise: Embedded self-replication and evolution in CA","volume-title":"Cellular automata: 6th international conference on Cellular automata for research and industry, ACRI 2004, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, October 25\u201328, 2004, Proceedings 6","author":"Salzberg","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib54","first-page":"114","article-title":"Introduction of structural dissolution into langton\u2019s self-reproducing loop","volume-title":"Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Artificial Life","author":"Sayama","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025022519462329600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1162\/106454699568818","article-title":"A new structurally dissolvable self-reproducing loop evolving in a simple cellular automata space","volume":"5","author":"Sayama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib56","first-page":"254","article-title":"Toward the realization of an evolving ecosystem on cellular automata","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on Artificial life and robotics (AROB 4th\u201999)","author":"Sayama","year":"1999"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1432.003.0005","article-title":"Self-replicating worms that increase structural complexity through gene transmission","volume-title":"Artificial Life VII: Proceedings of the seventh international conference","author":"Sayama","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022519462329600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1162\/106454604322875922","article-title":"Self-protection and diversity in self-replicating cellular automata","volume":"10","author":"Sayama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/ALIFE.2011.5954667","article-title":"Seeking open-ended evolution in swarm chemistry","volume-title":"2011 IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life (ALIFE)","author":"Sayama","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00018","article-title":"Seeking open-ended evolution in swarm chemistry II: Analyzing long-term dynamics via automated object harvesting","volume-title":"Artificial Life conference proceedings","author":"Sayama","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00591","volume-title":"Self-replication, spontaneous mutations, and exponential genetic drift in neural cellular automata","author":"Sinapayen","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022519462329600_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1162\/106454698568576","article-title":"Fifty years of research on self-replication: An overview","volume":"4","author":"Sipper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib63","first-page":"755","article-title":"A schematic representation of autopoiesis using a new kind of discrete spatial automaton","volume-title":"ECAL 2011: The 11th European conference on Artificial Life","author":"Sirmai","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.7551\/978-0-262-31709-2-ch060","article-title":"Autopoiesis facilitates self-reproduction","volume-title":"ECAL 2013: The 12th European conference on Artificial Life","author":"Sirmai","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022519462329600_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1162\/artl_a_00294","article-title":"Why open-endedness matters","volume":"25","author":"Stanley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025022519462329600_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1162\/artl.2006.12.4.461","article-title":"Spatial-pattern-induced evolution of a self-replicating loop network","volume":"12","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025022519462329600_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1162\/artl.2009.15.1.15104","article-title":"Shapes and self-movement in protocell systems","volume":"15","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1162\/isal_a_00613","article-title":"Lenia in a petri dish: Interactions between organisms and their environment in a Lenia with growth based on resource consumption","volume-title":"ALIFE 2023: Artificial Life conference proceedings","author":"Suzuki","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025022519462329600_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1162\/ARTL_a_00210","article-title":"Open-ended evolution: Perspectives from the OEE workshop in York","volume":"22","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artificial Life"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025022519462329600_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/03081079.2012.695902","article-title":"Self-replicating loops: A survey","volume":"41","author":"Tempesti","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of General Systems"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib71","volume-title":"El fen\u00f3meno de la vida","author":"Varela","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025022519462329600_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(74)90031-8","article-title":"Autopoiesis: The organization of living systems, its characterization and a model","volume":"5","author":"Varela","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib73","first-page":"64","article-title":"Fourth lecture","volume-title":"Theory of self-replicating automata","author":"von Neumann","year":"1948"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib74","first-page":"74","article-title":"Fifth lecture","volume-title":"Theory of self-replicating automata","author":"von Neumann","year":"1948"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib75","article-title":"Theory of self-reproducing automata","author":"von Neumann","year":"1966"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib76","volume-title":"Theoretical biology","author":"von Uexk\u00fcll","year":"1926"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/171737a0","article-title":"Molecular structure of nucleic acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid","volume":"171","author":"Watson","year":"1953","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025022519462329600_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1109\/ALIFE.2011.5954654","article-title":"Study of inheritable mutations in von Neumann self-reproducing automata using the GOLLY simulator","volume-title":"2011 IEEE symposium on Artificial Life","author":"Yinusa","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Artificial Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/artl\/article-pdf\/31\/1\/81\/2469890\/artl_a_00451.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/artl\/article-pdf\/31\/1\/81\/2469890\/artl_a_00451.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T19:46:36Z","timestamp":1740512796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/artl\/article\/31\/1\/81\/124368\/Self-Reproduction-and-Evolution-in-Cellular"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/artl_a_00451","relation":{},"ISSN":["1064-5462","1530-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1064-5462","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]}}}