{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T16:10:06Z","timestamp":1720887006923},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational Linguistics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report our work on building linguistic resources and data-driven parsers in the grammatical relation (GR) analysis for Mandarin Chinese. Chinese, as an analytic language, encodes grammatical information in a highly configurational rather than morphological way. Accordingly, it is possible and reasonable to represent almost all grammatical relations as bilexical dependencies. In this work, we propose to represent grammatical information using general directed dependency graphs. Both only-local and rich long-distance dependencies are explicitly represented. To create high-quality annotations, we take advantage of an existing TreeBank, namely, Chinese TreeBank (CTB), which is grounded on the Government and Binding theory. We define a set of linguistic rules to explore CTB\u2019s implicit phrase structural information and build deep dependency graphs. The reliability of this linguistically motivated GR extraction procedure is highlighted by manual evaluation. Based on the converted corpus, data-driven, including graph- and transition-based, models are explored for Chinese GR parsing. For graph-based parsing, a new perspective, graph merging, is proposed for building flexible dependency graphs: constructing complex graphs via constructing simple subgraphs. Two key problems are discussed in this perspective: (1) how to decompose a complex graph into simple subgraphs, and (2) how to combine subgraphs into a coherent complex graph. For transition-based parsing, we introduce a neural parser based on a list-based transition system. We also discuss several other key problems, including dynamic oracle and beam search for neural transition-based parsing. Evaluation gauges how successful GR parsing for Chinese can be by applying data-driven models. The empirical analysis suggests several directions for future study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T16:12:19Z","timestamp":1545408739000},"page":"95-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Parsing Chinese Sentences with Grammatical Relations"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Institute of Computer Science and Technology and Center for Chinese Linguistics."}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Institute of Computer Science and Technology."}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University, Institute of Computer Science and Technology."}]},{"given":"Meichun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong, Department of Linguistics and Translation."}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1231"},{"key":"bib2","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse","author":"Banarescu Laura","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib3","first-page":"397","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Bender Emily M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib4","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2010)","author":"Bohnet Bernd","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib5","first-page":"xvii","volume-title":"The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations","author":"Bresnan Joan","year":"1982"},{"key":"bib6","volume-title":"Lexical-Functional Syntax","author":"Bresnan Joan","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1273073.1273079"},{"key":"bib8","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Proceedings of the LREC Workshop on Linguistic Knowledge Acquisition and Representation: Bootstrapping Annotated Language Data","author":"Cahill Aoife","year":"2002"},{"key":"bib9","volume-title":"Syntax: A Generative Introduction","author":"Carnie Andrew","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1082"},{"key":"bib11","volume-title":"Lectures on Government and Binding","author":"Chomsky Noam","year":"1981"},{"key":"bib12","first-page":"1396","volume":"14","author":"Chu Yoeng-Jin","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science Sinica"},{"key":"bib13","first-page":"248","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Clark Stephen","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.2007.33.4.493"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11168-006-6327-9"},{"key":"bib16","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 39th Annual ACM Southeast Conference","author":"Covington Michael A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9781849500104"},{"key":"bib18","author":"Dozat Timothy","year":"2016","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"bib19","volume":"71","author":"Edmonds Jack","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/992628.992688"},{"key":"bib21","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistic Theories","author":"Flickinger Daniel","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib22","first-page":"959","volume":"2","author":"Goldberg Yoav","year":"2012","journal-title":"COLING-2012"},{"key":"bib23","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Proceedings of the LFG07 Conference","author":"Guo Yuqing","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00158"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.2007.33.3.355"},{"key":"bib27","first-page":"1077","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Huang Liang","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib28","volume-title":"English Word Grammar","author":"Hudson Richard","year":"1990"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59126-6_2"},{"key":"bib30","first-page":"97","volume-title":"HLT-NAACL 2004: Main Proceedings","author":"Kaplan Ron","year":"2004"},{"key":"bib31","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Linguistically Interpreted Corpora","author":"King Tracy Holloway","year":"2003"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00101"},{"key":"bib33","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Koo Terry","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib34","first-page":"1288","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Koo Terry","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00169ED1V01Y200901HLT002"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhlmann, Marco. 2010. Dependency Structures and Lexicalized Grammars: An Algebraic Approach. Ph.D. thesis, Saarland University.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14568-1"},{"key":"bib37","first-page":"1180","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Li Zhenghua","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1219840.1219852"},{"key":"bib39","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Proceedings of 11th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","volume":"6","author":"McDonald Ryan","year":"2006"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220575.1220641"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/slcs.57"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30211-7_72"},{"key":"bib43","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT","author":"Miyao Yusuke","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.2008.34.1.35"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.07-056-R1-07-027"},{"key":"bib46","first-page":"915","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CoNLL Shared Task Session of EMNLP-CoNLL 2007","author":"Nivre Joakim","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib47","first-page":"49","volume-title":"HLT-NAACL 2004 Workshop: Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL-2004)","author":"Nivre Joakim","year":"2004"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S15-2153"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/S14-2008"},{"key":"bib50","first-page":"144","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation","author":"Oepen Stephan","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00206","volume":"1","author":"Pitler Emily","year":"2013","journal-title":"TACL"},{"key":"bib53","volume-title":"Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar","author":"Pollard Carl","year":"1994"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1699571.1699619"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1599081.1599176"},{"key":"bib56","series-title":"Linguistic Inquiry Monographs","volume-title":"Surface Structure and Interpretation","author":"Steedman M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6591.001.0001","volume-title":"The Syntactic Process","author":"Steedman Mark","year":"2000"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1042"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K17-1005"},{"key":"bib60","first-page":"242","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Sun Weiwei","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00253"},{"key":"bib62","first-page":"970","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Sun Weiwei","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1687878.1687928"},{"key":"bib64","first-page":"1083","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010)","author":"Tse Daniel","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib65","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Tse Daniel","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220175.1220229"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1113"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1032"},{"key":"bib69","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Wu Xianchao","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib70","unstructured":"Xia, Fei. 2001. Automatic Grammar Generation from Two Different Perspectives. Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania."},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135132490400364X"},{"key":"bib72","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Treebanks and Linguistics Theories","author":"Xue Nianwen","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324908004865"},{"key":"bib74","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Association for Natural Language Processing","author":"Yakushiji Akane","year":"2005"},{"key":"bib75","first-page":"195","volume-title":"The 8th International Workshop of Parsing Technologies (IWPT2003)","author":"Yamada Hiroyasu","year":"2003"},{"key":"bib76","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parsing Technologies","author":"Yu Kun","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib77","first-page":"1417","volume-title":"Coling 2010: Posters","author":"Yu Kun","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00252"},{"key":"bib79","first-page":"562","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Zhang Yue","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1697236.1697267"},{"key":"bib81","first-page":"683","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Zhang Yue","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00037"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1117"}],"container-title":["Computational Linguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1162\/coli_a_00343","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T15:23:41Z","timestamp":1720884221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/coli\/article\/45\/1\/95-136\/1623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1162\/coli_a_00343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/coli_a_00343","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-2017","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}}}