{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:45:02Z","timestamp":1765547102853},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":170,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Linguistic variation across a region of interest can be captured by partitioning the region into areas and using social media data to train embeddings that represent language use in those areas. Recent work has focused on larger areas, such as cities or counties, to ensure that enough social media data is available in each area, but larger areas have a limited ability to find fine-grained distinctions, such as intracity differences in language use. We demonstrate that it is possible to embed smaller areas, which can provide higher resolution analyses of language variation. We embed voting precincts, which are tiny, evenly sized political divisions for the administration of elections. The issue with modeling language use in small areas is that the data becomes incredibly sparse, with many areas having scant social media data. We propose a novel embedding approach that alternates training with smoothing, which mitigates these sparsity issues. We focus on linguistic variation across Texas as it is relatively understudied. We develop two novel quantitative evaluations that measure how well the embeddings can be used to capture linguistic variation. The first evaluation measures how well a model can map a dialect given terms specific to that dialect. The second evaluation measures how well a model can map preference of lexical variants. These evaluations show how embedding models could be used directly by sociolinguists and measure how much sociolinguistic information is contained within the embeddings. We complement this second evaluation with a methodology for using embeddings as a kind of genetic code where we identify \u201cgenes\u201d that correspond to a sociological variable and connect those \u201cgenes\u201d to a linguistic phenomenon thereby connecting sociological phenomena to linguistic ones. Finally, we explore approaches for inferring isoglosses using embeddings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T20:21:20Z","timestamp":1687292480000},"page":"883-942","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Capturing Fine-Grained Regional Differences in Language Use through Voting Precinct Embeddings"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leidos, Innovations Center. alexbrosenfeld@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Hinrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin, Department of English. TxE@utexas.edu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib1","article-title":"Archive team: The twitter stream grab","author":"Archive Team","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7560\/733497","article-title":"The Regional Vocabulary of Texas","author":"Atwood","year":"1962"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib3","article-title":"Auto-redistrict","author":"Baas","year":".."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024013020235157300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2307\/455756","article-title":"An approach to sampling in dialectology","volume":"67","author":"Bailey","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Speech"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024013020235157300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2307\/454884","article-title":"The present tense of be in southern black folk speech","volume":"60","author":"Bailey","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Speech"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024013020235157300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047404500000324","article-title":"Decreolization?","volume":"16","author":"Bailey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Language in Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024013020235157300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2307\/455110","article-title":"The divergence controversy","volume":"64","author":"Bailey","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Speech"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003165330-5","article-title":"Some aspects of African-American vernacular English phonology","volume-title":"African-American English","author":"Bailey","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024013020235157300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1075\/eww.12.2.03bai","article-title":"The focus of linguistic innovation in Texas","volume":"12","author":"Bailey","year":"1991","journal-title":"English World-Wide"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024013020235157300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954394500000569","article-title":"The apparent time construct","volume":"3","author":"Bailey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Language Variation and Change"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954394500001708","volume-title":"Consonant Cluster Reduction in Tejano English","author":"Bayley","year":"1994"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S17-2126","article-title":"DataStories at SemEval-2017 Task 4: Deep LSTM with attention for message-level and topic-based sentiment analysis","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2017)","author":"Baziotis","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024013020235157300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2307\/455631","article-title":"Measuring social causes of phonological variation in Texas","volume":"68","author":"Bernstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Speech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024013020235157300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.25162\/zdl-2020-0009","article-title":"Situating Twitter discourse in relation to spoken and written texts: A lectometric analysis","volume":"87","author":"Bohmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Dialektologie und Linguistik"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib15","unstructured":"Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn\n          . 2005. Listener Perceptions of Sociolinguistic Variables: The Case of (ING). Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University."},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.12484","volume-title":"American Regional Dialects: A Word Geography","author":"Carver","year":"1987"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib17","volume-title":"Dictionary of American Regional English","author":"Cassidy","year":"1985"},{"issue":"35","key":"2024013020235157300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1353\/dic.2014.0020","article-title":"Statistical methods for identifying local dialectal terms from GPS-tagged documents","volume":"35","author":"Cook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024013020235157300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2307\/455589","article-title":"Double modals as single lexical items","volume":"64","author":"Di Paolo","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Speech"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/E14-1011","article-title":"Mapping dialectal variation by querying social media","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Doyle","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib21","article-title":"Mobile Messaging and Social Media 2015","author":"Duggan","year":"2015"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024013020235157300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e113114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113114","article-title":"Diffusion of lexical change in social media","volume":"9","author":"Eisenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib23","first-page":"13","article-title":"Mapping the geographical diffusion of new words","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NIPS Workshop on Social Network and Social Media Analysis: Methods, Models and Applications","author":"Eisenstein","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib24","first-page":"1365","article-title":"Discovering sociolinguistic associations with structured sparsity","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies-Volume 1","author":"Eisenstein","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/N15-1184","article-title":"Retrofitting word vectors to semantic lexicons","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Faruqui","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024013020235157300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/80.1.27","article-title":"Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates","volume":"80","author":"Firth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib27","first-page":"113","article-title":"Towards a description of Chicano English: A sociolinguistic perspective","volume-title":"Linguistic Change and Contact (Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation in Language)","author":"Galindo","year":"1988"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib28","volume-title":"The Regional Vocabulary of Brownsville, Texas","author":"Garcia","year":"1976"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib29","article-title":"Shapely: Manipulation and analysis of geometric objects in the cartesian plane","author":"Gillies","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47880-7_3","article-title":"The social dynamics of language change in online networks","volume-title":"International Conference on Social Informatics","author":"Goel","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024013020235157300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1710","article-title":"The pathophysiology of HOX genes and their role in cancer","volume":"205","author":"Grier","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Pathology: A Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib32","first-page":"3","article-title":"A lexical dialect survey of American English using site-restricted web searches","volume-title":"American Dialect Society Annual Meeting, Boston","author":"Grieve","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024013020235157300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1215\/00031283-2691424","article-title":"Site-restricted web searches for data collection in regional dialectology","volume":"88","author":"Grieve","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Speech"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024013020235157300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/0075424218793191","article-title":"Mapping lexical innovation on American social media","volume":"46","author":"Grieve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of English Linguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024013020235157300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S095439451100007X","article-title":"A statistical method for the identification and aggregation of regional linguistic variation","volume":"23","author":"Grieve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Language Variation and Change"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1229","article-title":"Cultural shift or linguistic drift? Comparing two computational measures of semantic change","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Hamilton","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib37","first-page":"368","article-title":"Lexical normalisation of short text messages: Makn sens a# twitter","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Han","year":"2011"},{"issue":"16","key":"2024013020235157300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1047","article-title":"A solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression","volume":"21","author":"Heinze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib39","article-title":"Real-time trends in the Texas English vowel system: F2 trajectory in GOOSE as an index of a variety\u2019s ongoing delocalization","volume":"4","author":"Hinrichs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rice Working Papers in Linguistics"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1070","article-title":"Increasing in-class similarity by retrofitting embeddings with demographic information","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Hovy","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1469","article-title":"Capturing regional variation with distributed place representations and geographic retrofitting","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Hovy","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02438-3_175","article-title":"Visualizing regional language variation across Europe on Twitter","author":"Hovy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handbook of the Changing World Language Map"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.12.003","article-title":"Understanding U.S. regional linguistic variation with Twitter data analysis","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024013020235157300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1215\/00031283-3442117","article-title":"Toward a description of African American vernacular English dialect regions using \u201cBlack Twitter.\u201d","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Speech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024013020235157300_bib45","first-page":"14","article-title":"\/u\/-fronting is not monolithic: Two types of fronted\/u\/in Houston Anglos","volume":"16","author":"Koops","year":"2010","journal-title":"University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024013020235157300_bib46","first-page":"12","article-title":"The effect of perceived speaker age on the perception of pin and pen vowels in Houston, Texas","volume":"14","author":"Koops","year":"2008","journal-title":"University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib47","first-page":"635","article-title":"brglm2: Bias reduction in generalized linear models","volume":"2","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"R package version 0.6"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024013020235157300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asp055","article-title":"Bias reduction in exponential family nonlinear models","volume":"96","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v10i1.14798","article-title":"Freshman or fresher? Quantifying the geographic variation of language in online social media","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110167467","volume-title":"The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change: A Multimedia Reference Tool","author":"Labov","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110331394","volume-title":"Strukturen im Sprachraum: Analysen zur arealtypologischen Komplexit\u00e4t der Dialekte in Deutschland","author":"Lameli","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib52","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Distributed representations of sentences and documents","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Le","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib53","first-page":"71","article-title":"Insertion, deletion, or substitution? Normalizing text messages without pre-categorization nor supervision","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Liu","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024013020235157300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx299","article-title":"Separation in logistic regression: Causes, consequences, and control","volume":"187","author":"Mansournia","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib55","first-page":"228","article-title":"Differential response of the class and ethnic components of the Austin speech community to marked phonological variables","author":"McDowell","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anthropological Linguistics"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib56","unstructured":"McFadden, Daniel\n          . 1977. Quantitative methods for analyzing travel behaviour of individuals: Some recent developments. Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 474, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University."},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib57","first-page":"105","article-title":"Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior","volume-title":"Frontiers in Econometrics","author":"McFadden","year":"1973"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-1109","article-title":"The potential of the computational linguistic analysis of social media for population studies","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People\u2019s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media","author":"Mencarini","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib59","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"2024013020235157300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17","article-title":"Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena","volume":"37","author":"Moran","year":"1950","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib61","article-title":"Optimal districts","author":"Murray","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024013020235157300_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00258","article-title":"Computational sociolinguistics: A survey","volume":"42","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.75","article-title":"Do word embeddings capture spelling variation?","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib64","volume-title":"Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States","author":"Pederson","year":"1986"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib65","volume-title":"The Study of Dialect: An Introduction to Dialectology","author":"Petyt","year":"1980"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024013020235157300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqs059","article-title":"Detecting structures in linguistic maps\u2014fuzzy clustering for pattern recognition in geostatistical dialectometry","volume":"28","author":"Pr\u00f6ll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Literary and Linguistic Computing"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-2033","article-title":"A neural model for user geolocation and lexical dialectology","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)","author":"Rahimi","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib68","first-page":"45","article-title":"Software framework for topic modelling with large corpora","volume-title":"Proceedings of the LREC 2010 Workshop on New Challenges for NLP Frameworks","author":"\u0158eh\u016f\u0159ek","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1044","article-title":"Deep neural models of semantic shift","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024013020235157300_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01603.x","article-title":"An asymptotic equivalence of choice of model by cross-validation and Akaike\u2019s criterion","volume":"39","author":"Stone","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib71","volume-title":"From Blinky to Blue-John: A Word Atlas of Northeast Texas","author":"Tarpley","year":"1970"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024013020235157300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954394500001940","article-title":"A rural\/metropolitan split in the speech of Texas Anglos","volume":"9","author":"Thomas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Language Variation and Change"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib73","article-title":"EAVS deep dive: Poll workers and polling places","author":"U.S. Election Assistance Commission","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024013020235157300_bib74","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing data using t-SNE.","volume":"9","author":"Van der Maaten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"2024013020235157300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2307\/3087917","article-title":"A Texas dialect feature: Origins and distribution","volume":"49","author":"Walsh","year":"1974","journal-title":"American Speech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024013020235157300_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2307\/454372","article-title":"Three generations of East Texas speech","volume":"34","author":"Wheatley","year":"1959","journal-title":"American Speech"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139696562","volume-title":"African American slang: A Linguistic Description","author":"Widawski","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024013020235157300_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-acl.152","article-title":"Fusing label embedding into BERT: An efficient improvement for text classification","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021","author":"Xiong","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Computational Linguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/coli\/article-pdf\/49\/4\/883\/2269628\/coli_a_00487.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/coli\/article-pdf\/49\/4\/883\/2269628\/coli_a_00487.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T20:25:41Z","timestamp":1706646341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/coli\/article\/49\/4\/883\/116437\/Capturing-Fine-Grained-Regional-Differences-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/coli_a_00487","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-2017","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}