{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:07:14Z","timestamp":1787810834612,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":274,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":114,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Polysemy is the type of lexical ambiguity where a word has multiple distinct but related interpretations. In the past decade, it has been the subject of a great many studies across multiple disciplines including linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, and computational linguistics, which have made it increasingly clear that the complexity of polysemy precludes simple, universal answers, especially concerning the representation and processing of polysemous words. But fuelled by the growing availability of large, crowdsourced datasets providing substantial empirical evidence; improved behavioral methodology; and the development of contextualized language models capable of encoding the fine-grained meaning of a word within a given context, the literature on polysemy recently has developed more complex theoretical analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this survey we discuss these recent contributions to the investigation of polysemy against the backdrop of a long legacy of research across multiple decades and disciplines. Our aim is to bring together different perspectives to achieve a more complete picture of the heterogeneity and complexity of the phenomenon of polysemy. Specifically, we highlight evidence supporting a range of hybrid models of the mental processing of polysemes. These hybrid models combine elements from different previous theoretical approaches to explain patterns and idiosyncrasies in the processing of polysemous that the best known models so far have failed to account for. Our literature review finds that (i) traditional analyses of polysemy can be limited in their generalizability by loose definitions and selective materials; (ii) linguistic tests provide useful evidence on individual cases, but fail to capture the full range of factors involved in the processing of polysemous sense extensions; and (iii) recent behavioral (psycho) linguistics studies, large-scale annotation efforts, and investigations leveraging contextualized language models provide accumulating evidence suggesting that polysemous sense similarity covers a wide spectrum between identity of sense and homonymy-like unrelatedness of meaning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We hope that the interdisciplinary account of polysemy provided in this survey inspires further fundamental research on the nature of polysemy and better equips applied research to deal with the complexity surrounding the phenomenon, for example, by enabling the development of benchmarks and testing paradigms for large language models informed by a greater portion of the rich evidence on the phenomenon currently available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T11:10:11Z","timestamp":1702379411000},"page":"351-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Polysemy\u2014Evidence from Linguistics, Behavioral Science, and Contextualized Language Models"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Janosch","family":"Haber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London, Chattermill. janoschhaber@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Poesio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London, , Utrecht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.260.13agi","article-title":"Clustering WordNet word senses","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Recent Advances on Natural Language Processing (RANLP)","author":"Agirre","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib2","first-page":"543","article-title":"MSDA: Wordsense discrimination using context vectors and attributes","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on ECAI 2006: 17th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Almuhareb","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4860","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1523","article-title":"Word sense induction with neural biLM and symmetric patterns","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Amrami","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib4","article-title":"Towards better substitution-based word sense induction","volume":"abs\/1905.12598","author":"Amrami","year":"2019","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib5","unstructured":"Amsler, Robert A. 1980. The structure of the Merriam-Webster pocket dictionary. Ph.D. thesis, University of Texas at Austin."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90008-0","article-title":"On putting apples into bottles\u2014a problem of polysemy","volume":"7","author":"Anderson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib7","article-title":"On the licensing conditions of co-predication","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon","author":"Antunes","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00474","article-title":"From word types to tokens and back: A survey of approaches to word meaning representation and interpretation","volume":"49","author":"Apidianaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1515\/ling.1974.12.142.5","article-title":"Regular polysemy","volume":"12","author":"Apresjan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Linguistics"},{"issue":"n\u00b0 3\u20134","key":"2024042419445246700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-150156","article-title":"A plea for complex categories in ontologies","volume":"10","author":"Arapinis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied Ontology"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5878","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.semeval-1.3","article-title":"CoSimLex: A resource for evaluating graded word similarity in context","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","author":"Armendariz","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00034","article-title":"Linear algebraic structure of word senses, with applications to polysemy","volume":"6","author":"Arora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib13","volume-title":"Logics of Conversation","author":"Asher","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511793936","volume-title":"Lexical Meaning in Context: A Web of Words","author":"Asher","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib15","article-title":"A type composition logic for generative lexicon","volume":"6","author":"Asher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3115\/980845.980860","article-title":"The Berkeley FrameNet project","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th ACL","author":"Baker","year":"1998"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib17","first-page":"380","article-title":"Dynamic word embeddings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Bamler","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45715-1_11","article-title":"An adapted Lesk algorithm for word sense disambiguation using wordnet","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing","author":"Banerjee","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2458(08)60607-5","article-title":"The present status of automatic translation of languages","volume":"1","author":"Bar-Hillel","year":"1960","journal-title":"Advances in Computing"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33011\/lilt.v9i.1321","article-title":"Frege in space: A program for composition distributional semantics","volume":"9","author":"Baroni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Linguistic Issues in Language Technology"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib21","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Nouns are vectors, adjectives are matrices: Representing adjective-noun constructions in semantic space","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Baroni","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1143","article-title":"LexSemTm: A semantic dataset based on all-words unsupervised sense distribution learning","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Bennett","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.12.006","article-title":"The effects of homonymy and polysemy on lexical access: An MEG study","volume":"24","author":"Beretta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4330","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/593","article-title":"Recent trends in word sense disambiguation: A survey","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-21)","author":"Bevilacqua","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(92)90039-K","article-title":"From concepts to lexical items","volume":"42","author":"Bierwisch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110931600","volume-title":"Prinzipien des lexikalischen Bedeutungswandels am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen","author":"Blank","year":"1997"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.95","article-title":"Moving down the long tail of word sense disambiguation with gloss informed bi-encoders","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Blevins","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-linguistics-011619-030303","article-title":"Distributional semantics and linguistic theory","volume":"6","author":"Boleda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib29","article-title":"Intensionality was only alleged: On adjective-noun composition in distributional semantics","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS 2013): Long papers","author":"Boleda","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib30","first-page":"151","article-title":"Regular polysemy: A distributional model","volume-title":"*SEM 2012: The First Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics","author":"Boleda","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024042419445246700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00093","article-title":"Modeling regular polysemy: A study on the semantic classification of Catalan adjectives","volume":"38","author":"Boleda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.1.193","article-title":"The career of metaphor","volume":"112","author":"Bowdle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1075","article-title":"A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Bowman","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib34","volume-title":"Essai de semantique (Science des significations)","author":"Breal","year":"1897"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105179","article-title":"When do languages use the same word for different meanings? The goldilocks principle in colexification","volume":"226","author":"Brochhagen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3115\/1557690.1557762","article-title":"Choosing sense distinctions for WSD: Psycholinguistic evidence","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT, Short Papers","author":"Brown","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib37","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.13388","article-title":"Modeling brain representations of words\u2019 concreteness in context using GPT-2 and human ratings","author":"Bruera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib39","volume-title":"The story of over: Polysemy, semantics, and the structure of the lexicon","author":"Brugman","year":"1988"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib40","unstructured":"Buitelaar, Paul . 1998. CoreLex: Systematic Polysemy and Underspecification. Ph.D. thesis, Brandeis University."},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib41","article-title":"The SALSA corpus: A German corpus resource for lexical semantics","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201906)","author":"Burchardt","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1.11259","article-title":"From word to sense embeddings: A survey on vector representations of meaning","volume":"63","author":"Camacho-Collados","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37456-2_14","article-title":"Density-based clustering based on hierarchical density estimates","volume-title":"Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","author":"Campello","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib44","first-page":"181","article-title":"Polysemy and the structure of the subjective lexicon","author":"Caramazza","year":"1976","journal-title":"Georgetown University Roundtable on Languages and Linguistics. Semantics: Theory and Application"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470754603","volume-title":"Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication","author":"Carston","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib46","article-title":"Word meaning, what is said, and explicature","volume-title":"What is Said and What is Not","author":"Carston","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6064","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1627","article-title":"What does this word mean? Explaining contextualized embeddings with natural language definition","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)","author":"Chang","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118882139.ch16","volume-title":"Vector Space Models of Lexical Meaning","author":"Clark","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/12.1.15","article-title":"Semi-productive polysemy and sense extension","volume":"12","author":"Copestake","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Semantics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511663642.009","article-title":"The ACQUILEX LKB: An introduction","volume-title":"Inheritance, Defaults and the Lexicon","author":"Copestake","year":"1994"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511597855.011","volume-title":"On Not Being Led up the Garden Path: The Use of Context by the Psychological Syntax Processor","author":"Crain","year":"1985"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib52","volume-title":"Lexical \u2018Facets\u2019: Between Monosemy and Polysemy","author":"Cruse","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib53","volume-title":"Lexical Semantics","author":"Cruse","year":"1986"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527227.004","article-title":"Polysemy and related phenomena from a cognitive linguistic viewpoint","volume-title":"Computational Lexical Semantics","author":"Cruse","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198238423.003.0002","article-title":"Aspects of the micro-structure of word meanings","volume-title":"Polysemy: Theoretical and Computational Approaches","author":"Cruse","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib56","first-page":"9","article-title":"Semi-supervised sequence learning","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Dai","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib57","unstructured":"Dautriche, Isabelle . 2015. Weaving an ambiguous lexicon. Ph.D. thesis, Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9."},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib58","first-page":"4171","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Devlin","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024042419445246700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067161","article-title":"Polysemy and the subjective lexicon: Semantic relatedness and the salience of intraword senses","volume":"18","author":"Durkin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024042419445246700_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1995.1074","article-title":"Ontological domains, semantic sorts and systematic ambiguity","volume":"43","author":"D\u00f6lling","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118788516.sem099","volume-title":"Systematic Polysemy","author":"D\u00f6lling","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib62","article-title":"Propbank, salsa, and framenet: How design determines product","volume-title":"Proceedings of LREC","author":"Ellsworth","year":"2004"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024042419445246700_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/lnco.362","article-title":"Vector space models of word meaning and phrase meaning: A survey","volume":"6","author":"Erk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics Compass"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3115\/1699510.1699568","article-title":"Graded word sense assignment","volume-title":"EMNLP 2009 - Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: A Meeting of SIGDAT, a Special Interest Group of ACL, Held in Conjunction with ACL-IJCNLP 2009","author":"Erk","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3115\/1687878.1687882","article-title":"Investigations on word senses and word usages","volume-title":"ACL-IJCNLP 2009 - Joint Conf. of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 4th Int. Joint Conf. on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, Proceedings of the Conf.","author":"Erk","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024042419445246700_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00142","article-title":"Measuring word meaning in context","volume":"39","author":"Erk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib67","first-page":"92","article-title":"Exemplar-based models for word meaning in context","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACL 2010 Conference Short Papers","author":"Erk","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1006","article-title":"How contextual are contextualized word representations? Comparing the geometry of BERT, ELMO, and GPT-2 embeddings","author":"Ethayarajh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib69","unstructured":"Falkum, Ingrid Lossius . 2011. The Semantics and Pragmatics of Polysemy: A Relevance-Theoretic Account. Ph.D. thesis, UCL (University College London)."},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2014.11.004","article-title":"The how and why of polysemy: A pragmatic account","volume":"157","author":"Falkum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2015.02.002","article-title":"Polysemy: Current perspectives and approaches","volume":"157","author":"Falkum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7287.003.0015","volume-title":"Building Semantic Concordances","author":"Fellbaum","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib73","article-title":"Frames and the semantics of understanding","volume":"IV","author":"Fillmore","year":"1985","journal-title":"Quaderni di Semantica"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib74","article-title":"A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930-1955","author":"Firth","year":"1957","journal-title":"Studies in Linguistic Analysis"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0198236360.001.0001","volume-title":"Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong","author":"Fodor","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042419445246700_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.07.010","article-title":"Polysemy in sentence comprehension: Effects of meaning dominance","volume":"67","author":"Foraker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(90)90071-7","article-title":"Taking on semantic commitments: Processing multiple meanings vs. multiple senses","volume":"29","author":"Frazier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00081","article-title":"A Bayesian model of diachronic meaning change","volume":"4","author":"Frermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2008.00104.x","article-title":"Semantic underspecification in language processing","volume":"3","author":"Frisson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Linguistics and Language Compass"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2014.07.017","article-title":"About bound and scary books: The processing of book polysemies","volume":"157","author":"Frisson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2005.03.004","article-title":"Carving up word meaning: Portioning and grinding","volume":"53","author":"Frisson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024042419445246700_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1515\/cogl.1993.4.3.223","article-title":"Vagueness\u2019s puzzles, polysemy\u2019s vagaries","volume":"4","author":"Geeraerts","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognitive Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1353\/dic.2013.0009","article-title":"Make, put, run: Writing and rewriting three big verbs in the OED","volume":"34","author":"Gilliver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0952-1_2","volume-title":"The Lexical Semantics of English Count and Mass Nouns","author":"Gillon","year":"1999"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024042419445246700_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00628112","article-title":"Towards a common semantics for English count and mass nouns","volume":"15","author":"Gillon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3960","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.365","article-title":"Analysing lexical semantic change with contextualised word representations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Giulianelli","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.123.2.178","article-title":"Influences of categorization on perceptual discrimination.","volume":"123","author":"Goldstone","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib88","unstructured":"Gotham, Matthew Graham Haigh . 2014. Copredication, Quantification and Individuation. Ph.D. thesis, UCL (University College London)."},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib89","unstructured":"Haber, Janosch . 2022. Word Sense Distance and Similarity Patterns in Regular Polysemy. Ph.D. thesis, Queen Mary University of London."},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib90","first-page":"114","article-title":"Assessing polyseme sense similarity through co-predication acceptability and contextualised embedding distance","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Ninth Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics","author":"Haber","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-emnlp.226","article-title":"Patterns of polysemy and homonymy in contextualised language models","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021","author":"Haber","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib92","first-page":"26","article-title":"Homonymy and polysemy detection with multilingual information","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Global Wordnet Conference","author":"Habibi","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib93","first-page":"26","article-title":"Homonymy and polysemy detection with multilingual information","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Global Wordnet Conference","author":"Habibi","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5297","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1533","article-title":"Improved word sense disambiguation using pre-trained contextualized word representations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)","author":"Hadiwinoto","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1141","article-title":"Diachronic word embeddings reveal statistical laws of semantic change","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Hamilton","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002471322828","article-title":"Do word meanings exist?","volume":"34","author":"Hanks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Computers and the Humanities"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/00437956.1954.11659520","article-title":"Distributional structure","volume":"10","author":"Harris","year":"1954","journal-title":"Word"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7895","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6296","article-title":"One homonym per translation","volume-title":"Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2020, The Thirty-Second Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, IAAI 2020, The Tenth AAAI Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence, EAAI 2020","author":"Hauer","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib99","first-page":"4129","article-title":"A structural probe for finding syntax in word representations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Hewitt","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(93)90015-4","article-title":"Interpretation as abduction","volume":"63","author":"Hobbs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/tsl.19.1.04hop","article-title":"On some principles of grammaticization","volume-title":"Approaches to Grammaticalization","author":"Hopper","year":"1991"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3115\/1614049.1614064","article-title":"OntoNotes: The 90% solution","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference of the NAACL, Companion Volume: Short Papers","author":"Hovy","year":"2006"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1031","article-title":"Universal language model fine-tuning for text classification","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Howard","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3899","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1379","article-title":"Diachronic sense modeling with deep contextualized word embeddings: An ecological view","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Hu","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib105","first-page":"873","article-title":"Improving word representations via global context and multiple word prototypes","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Huang","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1355","article-title":"GlossBERT: BERT for word sense disambiguation with gloss knowledge","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)","author":"Huang","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1010","article-title":"SensEmbed: Learning sense embeddings for word and relational similarity","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Iacobacci","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1085","article-title":"Embeddings for word sense disambiguation: An evaluation study","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Iacobacci","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib109","first-page":"1","article-title":"Introduction to the special issue on word sense disambiguation: The state of the art","volume":"24","author":"Ide","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2024042419445246700_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0017.1989.tb00243.x","article-title":"What is a concept, that a person may grasp it?","volume":"4","author":"Jackendoff","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mind & Language"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4129.001.0001","volume-title":"Languages of the Mind: Essays on Mental Representation","author":"Jackendoff","year":"1992"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib112","volume-title":"Lexicography: An Introduction","author":"Jackson","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib113","first-page":"219","article-title":"Distributional analysis of copredication: Towards distinguishing systematic polysemy from coercion","volume-title":"First Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it)","author":"Je\u017eek","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042419445246700_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329","article-title":"A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension","volume":"87","author":"Just","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024042419445246700_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13035","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.13035","article-title":"Conceptual similarity and communicative need shape colexification: An experimental study","volume":"45","author":"Karjus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib116","volume-title":"Semantic Theory","author":"Katz","year":"1972"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2307\/411200","article-title":"The structure of a semantic theory","volume":"39","author":"Katz","year":"1963","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib118","unstructured":"Keller, Frank . 2000. Gradience in Grammar: Experimental and Computational Aspects of Degrees of Grammaticality. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh. College of Science and Engineering. School of Informatics."},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib119","volume-title":"Semantic Theory","author":"Kempson","year":"1977"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib120","unstructured":"Kilgarriff, Adam . 1992. Polysemy. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sussex."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1000583911091","article-title":"I don\u2019t believe in word senses","volume":"31","author":"Kilgarriff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Computers and the Humanities"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib122","first-page":"17","article-title":"English lexical sample task description","volume-title":"Proceedings of SENSEVAL-2 Second International Workshop on Evaluating Word Sense Disambiguation Systems","author":"Kilgarriff","year":"2001"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib123","article-title":"Reformer: The efficient transformer","author":"Kitaev","year":"2020","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2001.2779","article-title":"The representation of polysemous words","volume":"45","author":"Klein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042419445246700_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-596X(02)00020-7","article-title":"Paper has been my ruin: Conceptual relations of polysemous senses","volume":"47","author":"Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2024042419445246700_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2001.2518","article-title":"The Processing of lexical ambiguity: Homonymy and polysemy in the mental lexicon","volume":"81","author":"Klepousniotou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.06.007","article-title":"Not all ambiguous words are created equal: An EEG investigation of homonymy and polysemy","volume":"123","author":"Klepousniotou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024042419445246700_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013012","article-title":"Making sense of word senses: The comprehension of polysemy depends on sense overlap","volume":"34","author":"Klepousniotou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib129","volume-title":"Computational Analysis of Present-day American English","author":"Kucera","year":"1967"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib130","article-title":"Making people play for lexical acquisition with the JeuxDeMots prototype","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Natural Language Processing (SNLP)","author":"Lafourcade","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib131","first-page":"26","article-title":"Game design evaluation of GWAPs for collecting word associations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the LREC Workshop Games and Natural Language Processing","author":"Lafourcade","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib132","article-title":"ALBERT: A lite BERT for self-supervised learning of language representations","author":"Lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib133","article-title":"Measuring gradience in speakers\u2019 grammaticality judgements","author":"Lau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2014)"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib134","first-page":"591","article-title":"Word sense induction for novel sense detection","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Lau","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib135","first-page":"3","article-title":"Concepts and cognitive science","volume-title":"Concepts: Core Readings","author":"Laurence","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-linguistics-030514-125254","article-title":"Distributional models of word meaning","volume":"4","author":"Lenci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1145\/318723.318728","article-title":"Automatic sense disambiguation using machine readable dictionaries: How to tell a pine cone from an ice cream cone","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Conference on Systems Documentation","author":"Lesk","year":"1986"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib138","volume-title":"English Verb Classes and Alternations","author":"Levin","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4656","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.423","article-title":"SenseBERT: Driving some sense into BERT","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Levine","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib140","first-page":"18470","article-title":"Pre-training via paraphrasing","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Lewis","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7871","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.703","article-title":"BART: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Lewis","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4825","article-title":"Open sesame: Getting inside BERT\u2019s linguistic knowledge","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP","author":"Lin","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1112","article-title":"Linguistic knowledge and transferability of contextual representations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Liu","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/0020174X.2020.1868329","article-title":"Does polysemy support radical contextualism? On the relation between minimalism, contextualism and polysemy","volume":"67","author":"L\u00f6hr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139165693","volume-title":"Semantics","author":"Lyons","year":"1977"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.008","article-title":"Sustained meaning activation for polysemous but not homonymous words: Evidence from EEG","volume":"68","author":"MacGregor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(80)90015-3","article-title":"The temporal structure of spoken language understanding","volume":"8","author":"Marslen-Wilson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib148","first-page":"6297","article-title":"Learned in translation: Contextualized word vectors","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"McCann","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00247","article-title":"Word Sense Clustering and Clusterability","volume":"42","author":"McCarthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279\u20132es","DOI":"10.3115\/1218955.1218991","article-title":"Finding predominant word senses in untagged text","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"McCarthy","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K16-1006","article-title":"context2vec: Learning generic context embedding with bidirectional LSTM","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th SIGNLL Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning","author":"Melamud","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib152","first-page":"279","article-title":"What do you mean, BERT?","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics 2020","author":"Mickus","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib153","first-page":"25","article-title":"The senseval-3 English lexical sample task","volume-title":"Proceedings of SENSEVAL-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text","author":"Mihalcea","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib154","article-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space","volume-title":"1st International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2013 - Workshop Track Proceedings","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib155","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems - Volume 2","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib156","first-page":"746","article-title":"Linguistic regularities in continuous space word representations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024042419445246700_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748","article-title":"Wordnet: A lexical database for English","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Communications of ACM"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib158","volume-title":"Five papers about WordNet","author":"Miller","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01690969108406936","article-title":"Contextual correlates of semantic similarity","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1075812.1075866","article-title":"Using a semantic concordance for sense identification","volume-title":"Human Language Technology: Proceedings","author":"Miller","year":"1994"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674421288","volume-title":"Language and Perception","author":"Miller","year":"1976"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3115\/1075671.1075742","article-title":"A semantic concordance","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Human Language Technology","author":"Miller","year":"1993"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024042419445246700_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2010.01106.x","article-title":"Composition in distributional models of semantics","volume":"34","author":"Mitchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00179","article-title":"Entity linking meets word sense disambiguation: A unified approach","volume":"2","author":"Moro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1075\/hcp.65.08mur","article-title":"Acceptability properties of abstract senses in copredication","volume":"65","author":"Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspectives on Abstract Concepts: Cognition, Language and Communication"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, Elliot . 2021. Linguistic Representation and Processing of Copredication. Ph.D. thesis, UCL (University College London). 10.31234\/osf.io\/yubkz","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/yubkz"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib167","first-page":"129","article-title":"Contextualized word embeddings encode aspects of human-like word sense knowledge","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on the Cognitive Aspects of the Lexicon","author":"Nair","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1459352.1459355","article-title":"Word sense disambiguation: A survey","volume":"41","author":"Navigli","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4559","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/620","article-title":"Ten years of BabelNet: A survey","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-21), Survey Track","author":"Navigli","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3115\/1621474.1621480","article-title":"SemEval-2007 task 07: Coarse-grained English all-words task","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Semantic Evaluations (SemEval-2007)","author":"Navigli","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2012.07.001","article-title":"BabelNet: The automatic construction, evaluation and application of a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network","volume":"193","author":"Navigli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1113","article-title":"Efficient non-parametric estimation of multiple embeddings per word in vector space","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Neelakantan","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110895698.3","volume-title":"Polysemy and Flexibility: Introduction and Overview","author":"Nerlich","year":"2003"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/cilt.20","volume-title":"Semiotic Principles in Semantic Theory","author":"Norrick","year":"1981"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00126509","article-title":"The non-uniqueness of semantic solutions: Polysemy","volume":"3","author":"Nunberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Linguistics and Philosophy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/12.2.109","article-title":"Transfers of meaning","volume":"12","author":"Nunberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Semantics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib177","unstructured":"OpenAI. 2023. GPT-4 technical report."},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56437-7_9","volume-title":"Interpretation of Copredicative Sentences: A Rich Underspecification Account of Polysemy","author":"Ortega-Andr\u00e9s","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/gjgl.564","article-title":"Polysemy and co-predication","volume":"4","author":"Ortega-Andr\u00e9s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glossa"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib180","volume-title":"Kleines Lexikon untergegangener W\u00f6rter: Wortuntergang seit dem Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts","author":"Osman","year":"1971"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-55801-2_29","article-title":"Predictable meaning shift: Some linguistic properties of lexical implication rules","volume-title":"Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation","author":"Ostler","year":"1991"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1162\/0891201053630264","article-title":"The proposition bank: A corpus annotated with semantic roles","volume":"31","author":"Palmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042419445246700_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327868ms1904_1","article-title":"Where does metonymy stop? Senses, facets, and active zones","volume":"19","author":"Paradis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metaphor and Symbol"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1075\/hcp.28.04par","article-title":"Metonymization: A key mechanism in semantic change","volume-title":"Defining Metonymy in Cognitive Linguistics","author":"Paradis","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.369","article-title":"CluBERT: A cluster-based approach for learning sense distributions in multiple languages","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Pasini","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib186","article-title":"The MASC word sense sentence corpus","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201912)","author":"Passonneau","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-012-9188-x","article-title":"Multiplicity and word sense: Evaluating and learning from multiply labeled word sense annotations","volume":"46","author":"Passonneau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00185","article-title":"The benefits of a model of annotation","volume":"2","author":"Passonneau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transactions of the ACL"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110929799","volume-title":"Deutsches W\u00f6rterbuch","author":"Paul","year":"2002"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib190","article-title":"Distinguishing word senses in untagged text","volume-title":"Second Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Pedersen","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042419445246700_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02379268","article-title":"Non-singular reference: Some preliminaries","volume":"5","author":"Pelletier","year":"1975","journal-title":"Philosophia"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162","article-title":"GloVe: Global vectors for word representation","volume-title":"EMNLP 2014 - 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Proceedings of the Conference","author":"Pennington","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1161","article-title":"Semi-supervised sequence tagging with bidirectional language models","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Peters","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202","article-title":"Deep contextualized word representations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)","author":"Peters","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib195","article-title":"Lexicalised systematic polysemy in WordNet","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC)","author":"Peters","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5398","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.12023","article-title":"Bayesian verb sense clustering","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)","author":"Peterson","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib197","first-page":"236","article-title":"A survey of WordNet annotated corpora","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Global WordNet Conference","author":"Petrolito","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199267408.003.0010","article-title":"Meaning before truth","volume-title":"Contextualism in Philosophy: Knowledge, Meaning, and Truth","author":"Pietroski","year":"2005"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib199","first-page":"1267","article-title":"WiC: The word-in-context dataset for evaluating context-sensitive meaning representations","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Pilehvar","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110849523","volume-title":"Logik Und Lexikon: Die Semantik des Unbestimmten","author":"Pinkal","year":"1985"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8445-6","volume-title":"Logic and Lexicon. The Semantics of the Indefinite","author":"Pinkal","year":"1995"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118788516.sem098","volume-title":"Ambiguity","author":"Poesio","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib203","first-page":"143","article-title":"Towards robust linguistic analysis using OntoNotes","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning","author":"Pradhan","year":"2013"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib204","first-page":"1","article-title":"CoNLL-2012 shared task: Modeling multilingual unrestricted coreference in OntoNotes","volume-title":"Joint Conference on EMNLP and CoNLL - Shared Task","author":"Pradhan","year":"2012"},{"issue":"04","key":"2024042419445246700_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793351X07000251","article-title":"Ontonotes: A unified relational semantic representation","volume":"1","author":"Pradhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Semantic Computing"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-1972-6_6","article-title":"Type coercion and lexical selection","volume-title":"Semantics and the Lexicon","author":"Pustejovsky","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3225.001.0001","volume-title":"The Generative Lexicon","author":"Pustejovsky","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1162\/089892906775250003","article-title":"The representation of polysemy: MEG evidence","volume":"18","author":"Pylkk\u00e4nen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib209","first-page":"3370","article-title":"The typology of polysemy: A multilingual distributional framework","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib210","article-title":"Improving language understanding with unsupervised learning","author":"Radford","year":"2018","journal-title":"OpenAI Blog"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib211","article-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners","author":"Radford","year":"2019","journal-title":"OpenAI Blog"},{"issue":"140","key":"2024042419445246700_bib212","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-1010","article-title":"Word sense disambiguation: A unified evaluation framework and empirical comparison","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers","author":"Raganato","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1264","article-title":"SQuAD: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Rajpurkar","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198238423.003.0001","volume-title":"Polysemy: An Overview","author":"Ravin","year":"2000"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib216","first-page":"509","article-title":"Truth-conditional pragmatics","volume-title":"Pragmatics: Critical Concepts","author":"Recanati","year":"1998"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib217","first-page":"109","article-title":"Multi-prototype vector-space models of word meaning","volume-title":"Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Reisinger","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324999002211","article-title":"Distinguishing systems and distinguishing senses: New evaluation methods for word sense disambiguation","volume":"5","author":"Resnik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2001.2810","article-title":"Making sense of semantic ambiguity: Semantic competition in lexical access","volume":"46","author":"Rodd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2801_4","article-title":"Modelling the effects of semantic ambiguity in word recognition","volume":"28","author":"Rodd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00349","article-title":"A primer in BERTology: What we know about how BERT works","volume":"8","author":"Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3115\/1611628.1611634","article-title":"Polysemy in verbs: Systematic relations between senses and their effect on annotation","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Human Judgments in Computational Linguistics","author":"Rumshisky","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009933700147","article-title":"Retrieving with good sense","volume":"2","author":"Sanderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Information Retrieval"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042419445246700_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1515\/cogl.1998.9.4.361","article-title":"What linguists can and can\u2019t tell you about the human mind: A reply to Croft","volume":"9","author":"Sandra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cognitive Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-2027","article-title":"Diachronic usage relatedness (DURel): A framework for the annotation of lexical semantic change","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)","author":"Schlechtweg","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib227","unstructured":"Schneider, Nathan . 2014. Lexical Semantic Analysis in Natural Language. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University."},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib228","unstructured":"Schuler, Karin Kipper . 2005. VerbNet: A broad-coverage, comprehensive verb lexicon. Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Computer and Information Science."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1162\/coli.2006.32.2.159","article-title":"Experiments on the automatic induction of German semantic verb classes","volume":"32","author":"Schulte im Walde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00677","article-title":"When combinatorial processing results in reconceptualization: Toward a new approach of compositionality","volume":"4","author":"Schumacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1162","article-title":"Cross-lingual alignment of contextual word embeddings, with applications to zero-shot dependency parsing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Schuster","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib232","first-page":"97","article-title":"Automatic word sense discrimination","volume":"24","author":"Sch\u00fctze","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024042419445246700_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(81)90356-X","article-title":"Meaning dominance and semantic context in the processing of lexical ambiguity","volume":"20","author":"Simpson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib234","first-page":"359","article-title":"Context and the processing of ambiguous words","volume":"22","author":"Simpson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Handbook of Psycholinguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib235","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Learning to merge word senses","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Snow","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib236","first-page":"41","article-title":"The English all-words task","volume-title":"Proceedings of SENSEVAL-3, the Third International Workshop on the Evaluation of Systems for the Semantic Analysis of Text","author":"Snyder","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4311","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-emnlp.365","article-title":"Improved word sense disambiguation with enhanced sense representations","volume-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021","author":"Song","year":"2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024042419445246700_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2004.07.002","article-title":"Gradience in linguistic data","volume":"115","author":"Sorace","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib239","unstructured":"Sparck-Jones, Karen . 1964. Synonymy and Semantic Classification. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge."},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2014.12.004","article-title":"How concepts and conventions structure the lexicon: Cross-linguistic evidence from polysemy","volume":"157","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4000\/lexis.771","article-title":"Unbalanced, idle, canonical and particular: Polysemous adjectives in English dictionaries","volume":"1","author":"Stammers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lexis"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3115\/1220575.1220626","article-title":"Differentiating homonymy and polysemy","volume-title":"Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (HLT\/EMNLP)","author":"Stokoe","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024042419445246700_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(79)90355-4","article-title":"Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects","volume":"18","author":"Swinney","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308682","article-title":"Accessing lexical ambiguity: Effects of context and dominance","volume":"49","author":"Tabossi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib245","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of semantic relatedness evaluation datasets and procedures","author":"Taieb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042419445246700_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/107769905303000401","article-title":"\u201cCloze procedure\u201d: A new tool for measuring readability","volume":"30","author":"Taylor","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journalism Quarterly"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1452","article-title":"BERT rediscovers the classical NLP pipeline","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Tenney","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199384655.013.323","article-title":"Semantic change","author":"Traugott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib249","first-page":"87","article-title":"Pragmatics","volume-title":"A Companion to the Philosophy of Language","author":"Travis","year":"1997"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199230334.001.0001","volume-title":"Occasion-sensitivity: Selected essays","author":"Travis","year":"2008"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7077","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.550","article-title":"RAW-C: Relatedness of ambiguous words in context (a new lexical resource for English)","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Trott","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024042419445246700_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1515\/cogl.1993.4.3.273","article-title":"Ambiguity, polysemy, and vagueness","volume":"4","author":"Tuggy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognitive Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib253","volume-title":"The Principles of Semantics","author":"Ullmann","year":"1959"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib254","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"van der Maaten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib255","first-page":"5998","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/pbns.156","volume-title":"Creativity and Convention: The pragmatics of everyday figurative speech","author":"Vega Moreno","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2014.04.013","article-title":"The green leaves and the expert: Polysemy and truth-conditional variability","volume":"157","author":"Vicente","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780199384655.013.325","article-title":"Polysemy","author":"Vicente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1145\/160688.160715","article-title":"Using WordNet to disambiguate word sense for text retrieval","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACM SIGIR Conference","author":"Voorhees","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5446","article-title":"GLUE: A multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"issue":"301","key":"2024042419445246700_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","article-title":"Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function","volume":"58","author":"Ward","year":"1963","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib262","article-title":"Translation","volume-title":"Machine Translation of Languages: Fourteen Essays","author":"Weaver","year":"1949"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024042419445246700_bib263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1086\/464799","article-title":"Webster\u2019s third: A critique of its semantics","volume":"30","author":"Weinreich","year":"1964","journal-title":"International Journal of American Linguistics"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-0410","article-title":"Don\u2019t blame distributional semantics if it can\u2019t do entailment","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Long Papers","author":"Westera","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib265","first-page":"10","article-title":"Does BERT make any sense? Interpretable word sense disambiguation with contextualized embeddings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Natural Language Processing","author":"Wiedemann","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2663.001.0001","volume-title":"Electric Words","author":"Wilks","year":"1996"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib267","first-page":"144","article-title":"Contextual embeddings can distinguish homonymy from polysemy in a human-like way","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing (ICNLSP 2022)","author":"Wilson","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib268","volume-title":"Philosophische Untersuchungen - Philosophical investigations","author":"Wittgenstein","year":"1953"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib269","first-page":"11","article-title":"XLNet: Generalized autoregressive pretraining for language understanding","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Yang","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.blackboxnlp-1.15","article-title":"How does BERT capture semantics? A closer look at polysemous words","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third BlackboxNLP Workshop on Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP","author":"Yenicelik","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib271","first-page":"78","article-title":"It makes sense: A wide-coverage word sense disambiguation system for free text","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACL 2010 System Demonstrations","author":"Zhong","year":"2010"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib272","first-page":"1218","article-title":"A robustly optimized BERT pre-training approach with post-training","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Chinese National Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024042419445246700_bib273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.1945.10544509","article-title":"The meaning-frequency relationship of words","volume":"33","author":"Zipf","year":"1945","journal-title":"The Journal of General Psychology"},{"key":"2024042419445246700_bib274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004368828_002","article-title":"Ambiguity tests and how to fail them","volume-title":"Syntax and Semantics volume 4","author":"Zwicky","year":"1975"}],"container-title":["Computational Linguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/coli\/article-pdf\/50\/1\/351\/2367142\/coli_a_00500.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/coli\/article-pdf\/50\/1\/351\/2367142\/coli_a_00500.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T15:50:51Z","timestamp":1730821851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/coli\/article\/50\/1\/351\/118497\/Polysemy-Evidence-from-Linguistics-Behavioral"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":274,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/coli_a_00500","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-2017","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}