{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T04:25:08Z","timestamp":1770524708756,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":211,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The brain\u2019s ability to perform complex computations at varying timescales is crucial, ranging from understanding single words to grasping the overarching narrative of a story. Recently, multi-timescale long short-term memory (MT-LSTM) models (Mahto et al. 2020; Jain et al. 2020) have been introduced, which use temporally tuned parameters to induce sensitivity to different timescales of language processing (i.e., related to near\/distant words). However, there has not been an exploration of the relationship between such temporally tuned information processing in MT-LSTMs and the brain\u2019s processing of language using high temporal resolution recording modalities, such as electroencephalography (EEG).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>To bridge this gap, we used an EEG dataset recorded while participants listened to Chapter 1 of \u201cAlice in Wonderland\u201d and trained ridge regression models to predict the temporally tuned MT-LSTM embeddings from EEG responses. Our analysis reveals that EEG signals can be used to predict MT-LSTM embeddings across various timescales. For longer timescales, our models produced accurate predictions within an extended time window of \u00b12 s around word onset, while for shorter timescales, significant predictions are confined to a narrower window ranging from \u2212180 ms to 790 ms. Intriguingly, we observed that short timescale information is not only processed in the vicinity of word onset but also at more distant time points.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>These observations underscore the parallels and discrepancies between computational models and the neural mechanisms of the brain. As word embeddings are used more as in silico models of semantic representation in the brain, a more explicit consideration of timescale-dependent processing enables more targeted explorations of language processing in humans and machines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T15:11:01Z","timestamp":1722352261000},"page":"1477-1506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring Temporal Sensitivity in the Brain Using Multi-timescale Language Models: An EEG Decoding Study"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Sijie","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Department of Psychology, Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute. sling1@ualberta.ca"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Department of Computing Science, Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute. amurphy3@ualberta.ca"}]},{"given":"Alona","family":"Fyshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta , Department of Computing Science, Department of Psychology, Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute. alona@ualberta.ca"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2024122021045246000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-2312(93)90006-O","article-title":"Backpropagation and stochastic gradient descent method","volume":"5","author":"Amari","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122021045246000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00087","article-title":"Predictive coding or just feature discovery? An alternative account of why language models fit brain data","volume":"5","author":"Antonello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122021045246000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib4","first-page":"120","article-title":"The Alice Datasets: fMRI & EEG observations of natural language comprehension","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","author":"Bhattasali","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116925","article-title":"No evidence for differences among language regions in their temporal receptive windows","volume":"219","author":"Blank","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122021045246000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.030","article-title":"The time-course and spatial distribution of brain activity associated with sentence processing","volume":"60","author":"Brennan","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00758","article-title":"A time and place for language comprehension: Mapping the n400 and the p600 to a minimal cortical network","volume":"7","author":"Brouwer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib8","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Disentangling syntax and semantics in the brain with deep networks","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Caucheteux","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122021045246000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03036-1","article-title":"Brains and algorithms partially converge in natural language processing","volume":"5","author":"Caucheteux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"issue":"284","key":"2024122021045246000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-05909-z","article-title":"The cortical representation of language timescales is shared between reading and listening","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122021045246000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/24709360.2017.1396742","article-title":"A tutorial on kernel density estimation and recent advances","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biostatistics & Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024122021045246000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.02.013","article-title":"Constructing and forgetting temporal context in the human cerebral cortex","volume":"106","author":"Chien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib13","article-title":"Mapping the timescale organization of neural language models","author":"Chien","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.06717"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28802-4_7","article-title":"Decoding the dynamics of conscious perception: The temporal generalization method","volume-title":"Micro-, Meso- and Macro-dynamics of the Brain","author":"Dehaene","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib15","first-page":"4171","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Devlin","year":"2019"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00481","article-title":"Characterizing neural entrainment to hierarchical linguistic units using electroencephalography (EEG)","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122021045246000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4186","article-title":"Cortical tracking of hierarchical linguistic structures in connected speech","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00157","article-title":"The neural processing of hierarchical structure in music and speech at different timescales","volume":"9","author":"Farbood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1791","key":"2024122021045246000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180531","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0531","article-title":"Studying language in context using the temporal generalization method","volume":"375","author":"Fyshe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"issue":"15","key":"2024122021045246000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24714","article-title":"The lexical semantics of adjective\u2013noun phrases in the human brain","volume":"40","author":"Fyshe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61277","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61277","article-title":"Neuronal timescales are functionally dynamic and shaped by cortical microarchitecture","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.07.11.499562","article-title":"Correspondence between the layered structure of deep language models and temporal structure of natural language processing in the human brain","author":"Goldstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.02.403477","article-title":"Thinking ahead: Spontaneous prediction in context as a keystone of language in humans and machines","author":"Goldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024122021045246000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01026-4","article-title":"Shared computational principles for language processing in humans and deep language models","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267","article-title":"MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-python","author":"Gramfort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1108","article-title":"Colorless green recurrent networks dream hierarchically","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)","author":"Gulordava","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071013-013847","article-title":"The neurobiology of language beyond single words","volume":"37","author":"Hagoort","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1254","article-title":"Finding syntax in human encephalography with beam search","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Hale","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024122021045246000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5487-07.2008","article-title":"A hierarchy of temporal receptive windows in human cortex","volume":"28","author":"Hasson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"32","key":"2024122021045246000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2201968119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201968119","article-title":"A hierarchy of linguistic predictions during natural language comprehension","volume":"119","author":"Heilbron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645209","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.645209","article-title":"The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for speech and language processing","volume":"15","author":"Hertrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122021045246000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1970.10488634","article-title":"Ridge regression: Biased estimation for nonorthogonal problems","volume":"12","author":"Hoerl","year":"1970","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122021045246000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.08.011","article-title":"Slow cortical dynamics and the accumulation of information over long timescales","volume":"76","author":"Honey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib34","unstructured":"Honnibal, M. and I.Montani. 2017. Natural language understanding with bloom embeddings, convolutional neural networks and incremental parsing. Unpublished software application. https:\/\/spacy.io"},{"issue":"7600","key":"2024122021045246000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17637","article-title":"Natural speech reveals the semantic maps that tile human cerebral cortex","volume":"532","author":"Huth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5720","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2017.7953252","article-title":"Character-level language modeling with hierarchical recurrent neural networks","volume-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","author":"Hwang","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6628","DOI":"10.1101\/327601","article-title":"Incorporating context into language encoding models for fMRI","volume":"31","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13738","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.02.324392","article-title":"Interpretable multi-timescale models for predicting fMRI responses to continuous natural speech","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Jain","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024122021045246000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.04.001","article-title":"Temporal coding organized by coupled alpha and gamma oscillations prioritize visual processing","volume":"37","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"49","key":"2024122021045246000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9467","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0302-20.2020","article-title":"Linguistic structure and meaning organize neural oscillations into a content-specific hierarchy","volume":"40","author":"Kaufeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024122021045246000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00659-5","article-title":"What neural oscillations can and cannot do for syntactic structure building","volume":"24","author":"Kazanina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024122021045246000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2004473","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2004473","article-title":"Perceptually relevant speech tracking in auditory and motor cortex reflects distinct linguistic features","volume":"16","author":"Keitel","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5417","article-title":"\u2018Indicatements\u2019 that character language models learn English morpho-syntactic units and regularities","author":"Kementchedjhieva","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.00066"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024122021045246000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.06.007","article-title":"Representational geometry: Integrating cognition, computation, and the brain","volume":"17","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1002","article-title":"The emergence of number and syntax units in LSTM language models","author":"Lakretz","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.07435"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024122021045246000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3684-10.2011","article-title":"Topographic mapping of a hierarchy of temporal receptive windows using a narrated story","volume":"31","author":"Lerner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib47","article-title":"Critical behavior from deep dynamics: A hidden dimension in natural language","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.06737"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1106","article-title":"Hierarchical recurrent neural network for document modeling","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing","author":"Lin","year":"2015"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00115","article-title":"Assessing the ability of LSTMs to learn syntax-sensitive dependencies","volume":"4","author":"Linzen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib50","article-title":"Multi-timescale representation learning in LSTM language models","author":"Mahto","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.12727"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122021045246000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","article-title":"Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data","volume":"164","author":"Maris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib52","first-page":"1851","article-title":"Point sentinel mixture models","author":"Merity","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024122021045246000_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13748","article-title":"The neural oscillations of speech processing and language comprehension: State of the art and emerging mechanisms","volume":"48","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib54","first-page":"3111","article-title":"Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality","volume":"26","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"issue":"5880","key":"2024122021045246000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152876","article-title":"Predicting human brain activity associated with the meanings of nouns","volume":"320","author":"Mitchell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.156","article-title":"Decoding part-of-speech from human EEG signals","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","author":"Murphy","year":"2022"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024122021045246000_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3862","article-title":"A hierarchy of intrinsic timescales across primate cortex","volume":"17","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77468","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.77468","article-title":"Neural tracking of phrases in spoken language comprehension is automatic and task-dependent","volume":"11","author":"ten Oever","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.naacl-main.235","article-title":"Neural language taskonomy: Which NLP tasks are the most predictive of fMRI brain activity?","author":"Oota","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.01404"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024122021045246000_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199705260-00042","article-title":"Functional heterogeneity of left inferior frontal cortex as revealed by fMRI","volume":"8","author":"Paulesu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122021045246000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03068-4","article-title":"Toward a universal decoder of linguistic meaning from brain activation","volume":"9","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib62","article-title":"Improving language understanding by generative pre-training","author":"Radford","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib63","unstructured":"Rafidi, Nicole S\n          . 2018. Using Machine Learning for Time Series to Elucidate Sentence Processing in the Brain. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA."},{"issue":"34","key":"2024122021045246000_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20890","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003383117","article-title":"Hierarchical dynamics as a macroscopic organizing principle of the human brain","volume":"117","author":"Raut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9843","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.16.155499","article-title":"Can fMRI reveal the representation of syntactic structure in the brain?","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Reddy","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib66","article-title":"Ordered neurons: Integrating tree structures into recurrent neural networks","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.09536"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2017.7966115","article-title":"Temporal hierarchies in multilayer gated recurrent neural networks for language models","volume-title":"2017 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","author":"Singh","year":"2017"},{"issue":"36","key":"2024122021045246000_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22522","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005993117","article-title":"Multiple timescales of neural dynamics and integration of task-relevant signals across cortex","volume":"117","author":"Spitmaan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122021045246000_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.048","article-title":"Tracking neural coding of perceptual and semantic features of concrete nouns","volume":"62","author":"Sudre","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib70","article-title":"Can recurrent neural networks warp time?","author":"Tallec","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.11188"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119728","article-title":"Feature-space selection with banded ridge regression","volume":"264","author":"TourDupr\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib72","volume-title":"Introduction to Psycholinguistics: Understanding Language Science","author":"Traxler","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.08.03.551886","article-title":"A unifying computational account of temporal context effects in language across the human cortex","author":"Vo","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024122021045246000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e112575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112575","article-title":"Simultaneously uncovering the patterns of brain regions involved in different story reading subprocesses","volume":"9","author":"Wehbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1030","article-title":"Aligning context-based statistical models of language with brain activity during reading","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","author":"Wehbe","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024122021045246000_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq148","article-title":"Heterogeneity of the left temporal lobe in semantic representation and control: Priming multiple versus single meanings of ambiguous words","volume":"21","author":"Whitney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2024122021045246000_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.03.014","article-title":"Time for prediction? The effect of presentation rate on predictive sentence comprehension during word-by-word reading","volume":"68","author":"Wlotko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024122021045246000_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.013","article-title":"Language in context: Emergent features of word, sentence, and narrative comprehension","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024122021045246000_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37613-7","article-title":"Intrinsic timescales in the visual cortex change with selective attention and reflect spatial connectivity","volume":"14","author":"Zeraati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"}],"container-title":["Computational Linguistics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/coli\/article-pdf\/50\/4\/1477\/2470050\/coli_a_00533.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/coli\/article-pdf\/50\/4\/1477\/2470050\/coli_a_00533.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T21:05:02Z","timestamp":1734728702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/coli\/article\/50\/4\/1477\/123793\/Exploring-Temporal-Sensitivity-in-the-Brain-Using"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/coli_a_00533","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-2017","1530-9312"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-2017","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-9312","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}