{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:07:01Z","timestamp":1771038421404,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computer Music Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The quote from Pierre Boulez, given as an epigraph to this article, inspired French researchers to start developing technology for spherical loudspeaker arrays in the 1990s. The hope was to retain the naturalness of sound sources. Now, a few decades later, one might be able to show that even more can be done: In electroacoustic music, using the icosahedral loudspeaker array called IKO seems to enable spatial gestures that enrich alien sounds with a tangible acoustic naturalness. <\/jats:p><jats:p> After a brief discussion of directivity-based composition in computer music, the first part of the article describes the technical background of the IKO, its usage in a digital audio workstation, and psychoacoustic evidence regarding the auditory objects the IKO produces. The second part deals with acoustic equations of spherical beamforming, how the IKO's loudspeakers are controlled correspondingly, how we deal with excursion limits, and the resulting beam patterns generated by the IKO. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/comj_a_00429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T19:57:49Z","timestamp":1506542269000},"page":"50-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Beamformer to Play with Wall Reflections: The Icosahedral Loudspeaker"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Franz","family":"Zotter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics University of Music and Performing Arts Inffeldgasse 10\/3 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Zaunschirm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics University of Music and Performing Arts Inffeldgasse 10\/3 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics University of Music and Performing Arts Inffeldgasse 10\/3 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kronlachner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Automotive Systems GmbH Harman Becker\tSchlesische Str. 135 94315 Straubing, Germany"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"p_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380484"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/pi-3.1953.0062"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"213","author":"Boulez P.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Revue d'acoustique: Congr\u00e8s international d'acoustique"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381457"},{"key":"p_7","first-page":"67","author":"Causs\u00e9 R.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Musical Acoustics"},{"key":"p_9","author":"Croft J. 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