{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T16:11:32Z","timestamp":1778775092651,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Many existing approaches to teaching laypeople to compose are based, to a certain extent, on simply hiding the theoretical background. This is done, for example, by offering ready-made musical events that can be combined in any way to organize them in time. A different approach is taken in the work presented here. As an alternative to classical music theory, with all its complications, the generative composition method Arithmetic Operation Grammar (AOG) is used, which is much easier to learn. This approach has been taken in the conviction that the leaner theory on which it is based, in combination with the compact symbolic representation of entire compositions, can make a significant contribution to bringing forward the \u201ceveryday creativity\u201d in the field of ubiquitous music. Furthermore, in the field of sonification, AOG offers the possibility of sonifying data that do not inherently include time as an ordering parameter. To prove practical use of this approach, AOG is combined with a user interface that is more suitable for adults as a target group and another one that is more appropriate for primary school children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/comj_a_00550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:45:49Z","timestamp":1618447549000},"page":"17-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Composing by Laypeople: A Broader Perspective Provided by Arithmetic Operation Grammar"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Guido","family":"Kramann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fachbereich Technik Technische Hochschule Brandenburg Magdeburger Strasse 50, 14770 Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany kramann@th-brandenburg.de"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022033115520464300_B1","first-page":"168","article-title":"AMIGO: An Assistive Musical Instrument to Engage, Create and Learn Music.","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-600-1_7","volume-title":"Evolutionary Computer Music","author":"Biles","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B3","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Sound, Music, and Motion","author":"Braund","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B4","volume-title":"Leonhard Eulers Beitrag zur Musiktheorie","author":"Busch","year":"1970"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022033115520464300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1956.1056813","article-title":"Three Models for Description of Language.","volume":"2","author":"Chomsky","year":"1956","journal-title":"IRE Transactions on Information Theory"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022033115520464300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(59)90362-6","article-title":"On Certain Formal Properties of Grammars.","volume":"2","author":"Chomsky","year":"1959","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B7","first-page":"966","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Music Multidisciplinary Research","author":"Denjean","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B8","first-page":"170","article-title":"ESMERIL: An Interactive Audio Player and Composition System for Collaborative Experimental Music Netlabels.","author":"Figueir\u00f3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36955-1_11","volume-title":"Evolutionary and Biologically Inspired Music, Sound, Art, and Design","author":"Garcia-Valdez","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B10","author":"Gemma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Design Patterns"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B11","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Sound, Music, and Motion","author":"Holtzman","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B12","first-page":"38","article-title":"Modelling 4-Dimensional Tonal Pitch Spaces.","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Music Multidisciplinary Research"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B13","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11152-0","volume-title":"Ubiquitous Music","author":"Keller","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B15","first-page":"791","article-title":"An Overtone-Based Algorithm Unifying Counterpoint and Harmonics.","author":"Kramann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Music Multidisciplinary Research"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B16","first-page":"346","article-title":"Generative Grammar Based on Arithmetic Operations for Realtime Composition.","author":"Kramann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Music Multidisciplinary Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022033115520464300_B17","first-page":"69","article-title":"Prototyping of Ubiquitous Music Ecosystems","volume":"8","author":"Lazzarini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cadernos de Inform\u00e1tica"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5642\/steam.201301.34","article-title":"STEM + Art = STEAM.","author":"Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"The STEAM Journal"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B19","first-page":"983","article-title":"Auditory Gestalt Formation for Exploring Dynamic Triggering Earthquakes.","author":"Matsubara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Music Multidisciplinary Research"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B20","volume-title":"Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy","author":"Russell","year":"1920"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B21","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval","author":"Schneider","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022033115520464300_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2307\/3681038","article-title":"Letter to the Editor: Should Music-Making Be Reserved for an Elite?","volume":"22","author":"Spiegel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computer Music Journal"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B23","first-page":"228","volume-title":"International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression","author":"Stolfi","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022033115520464300_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1162\/014892601300126106","article-title":"A Few Remarks on Algorithmic Composition.","volume":"25","author":"Supper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Computer Music Journal"},{"key":"2022033115520464300_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1162\/096112102762295133","article-title":"Playpens, Fireflies and Squeezables: New Musical Instruments for Bridging the Thoughtful and the Joyful.","volume":"12","author":"Weinberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leonardo Music Journal"}],"container-title":["Computer Music Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/comj\/article-pdf\/44\/1\/17\/2005287\/comj_a_00550.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/comj\/article-pdf\/44\/1\/17\/2005287\/comj_a_00550.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T23:00:08Z","timestamp":1648767608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/comj\/article\/44\/1\/17\/99106\/Composing-by-Laypeople-A-Broader-Perspective"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/comj_a_00550","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-9267","1531-5169"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-9267","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-5169","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}