{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T05:22:38Z","timestamp":1731129758732,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Previous work has shown that the emotional characteristics of musical instrument sounds are significantly changed with parametric reverberation. But do the parametric reverberation results also apply to real concert hall reverberation? This article considers the effects of reverberation time on the emotional characteristics of instrument sounds with convolution reverberation. We compared eight musical instruments and ten emotional characteristics over five hall impulse responses ranging from the one-second Royal National Theatre to the five-second King's College Chapel. The results showed that convolution reverberation had more pronounced effects on emotional characteristics compared with parametric reverberation. This makes sense, since convolution reverberation is often regarded as warmer, more natural, and smoother than parametric reverberation. The latter is often regarded as blander by comparison. Halls with shorter reverberation times emphasized the emotional characteristics Angry and Comic, whereas medium reverberation times emphasized the characteristics Happy, Heroic, and Shy, and longer reverberation times emphasized the characteristics Calm, Mysterious, Romantic, Sad, and Scary. Although the results were more pronounced for convolution reverberation compared with parametric reverberation, there was also a striking agreement in their results, and the correlation coefficient between them was 0.654 over all emotional characteristics. This strong correlation indicates that reverberation time has a remarkably consistent effect on the emotional characteristics regardless of whether using convolution or parametric reverberation\u2014a reflection of their deep underlying functional similarities despite their fundamentally different implementations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/comj_a_00684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T19:54:45Z","timestamp":1722282885000},"page":"57-71","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Convolution Reverberation on the Emotional Characteristics of Musical Instrument Sounds"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Ronald K.","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sunderland DG224B, David Goldman Informatics Centre Sir Tom Cowie Campus, Sunderland SR6 0DD, UK ronald.mo@sunderland.ac.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Horner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Room 3549, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong horner@cse.ust.hk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024110818544413300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2307\/40285811","article-title":"A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Perception of Emotion in Music: Psychophysical and Cultural Cues.","volume":"17","author":"Balkwill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Music Perception"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B2","article-title":"Evaluation of Acoustic Features for Music Emotion Recognition.","author":"Baume","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 134th Audio Engineering Society Convention"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21636-2","volume-title":"Concert Halls and Opera Houses: Music, Acoustics, and Architecture","author":"Beranek","year":"2004"},{"article-title":"Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW): Instruction Manual and Affective Ratings","year":"1999","author":"Bradley","key":"2024110818544413300_B4"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-7161(84)04016-5","volume-title":"Handbook of Statistics: Nonparametric Methods","author":"Bradley","year":"1984"},{"volume-title":"Principles and Applications of Room Acoustics","year":"1982","author":"Cremer","key":"2024110818544413300_B6"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024110818544413300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2012.30.1.49","article-title":"Timbre and Affect Dimensions: Evidence from Affect and Similarity Ratings and Acoustic Correlates of Isolated Instrument Sounds","volume":"30","author":"Eerola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Music Perception"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024110818544413300_B8","first-page":"101","article-title":"Scaling the Unpleasantness of Sounds According to the BTL Mode: Ratio\u2013Scale Representation and Psychoacoustical Analysis","volume":"90","author":"Ellermeier","year":"2004"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B9","article-title":"Simultaneous Measurement of Impulse Response and Distortion with a Swept-Sine Technique","author":"Farina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 108th Audio Engineering Society Convention"},{"article-title":"The Virtual Acoustic Room","year":"1992","author":"Gardner","key":"2024110818544413300_B10"},{"volume-title":"Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary","year":"2008","author":"Heacock","key":"2024110818544413300_B11"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024110818544413300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2307\/1415746","article-title":"Experimental Studies of the Elements of Expression in Music","volume":"48","author":"Hevner","year":"1936","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024110818544413300_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428309","article-title":"Objective and Subjective Evaluations of Twenty-Three Opera Houses in Europe, Japan, and the Americas","volume":"107","author":"Hidaka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024110818544413300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1778741","article-title":"Detection of Random Alterations to Time-Varying Musical Instrument Spectra","volume":"116","author":"Horner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"2A","key":"2024110818544413300_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1911535","article-title":"Acoustical Criteria for Auditoriums and Their Relation to Model Techniques","volume":"47","author":"Jordan","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B16","article-title":"Digital Delay Networks for Designing Artificial Reverberators","author":"Jot","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 90th Audio Engineering Society Convention"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199230143.001.0001","volume-title":"Handbook of Music and Emotion: Theory, Research, Applications","author":"Juslin","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B18","first-page":"217","article-title":"Influence of the Sound Effects on the Sound Quality","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 106th Audio Engineering Society Convention"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B19","first-page":"78","article-title":"Application of Free Choice Profiling for the Evaluation of Emotions Elicited by Music","author":"Liebetrau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Music Information Retrieval"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B20","article-title":"Paired Comparison as a Method for Measuring Emotions","author":"Liebetrau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 135th Audio Engineering Society Convention"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024110818544413300_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1121\/1.426277","article-title":"Discrimination of Musical Instrument Sounds Resynthesized with Simplified Spectrotemporal Parameters","volume":"105","author":"McAdams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024110818544413300_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.17743\/jaes.2016.0054","article-title":"An Investigation into How Reverberation Effects the Space of Instrument Emotional Characteristics","volume":"64","author":"Mo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B23","first-page":"279","article-title":"How Does Parametric Reverberation Change the Space of Instrument Emotional Characteristics?","author":"Mo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024110818544413300_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.17743\/jaes.2015.0082","article-title":"The Effects of Reverberation on the Emotional Characteristics of Musical Instruments","volume":"63","author":"Mo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B25","first-page":"12","article-title":"The Effects of Reverberation Time and Amount on the Emotional Characteristics","author":"Mo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024110818544413300_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2307\/3680280","article-title":"About This Reverberation Business","volume":"3","author":"Moorer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Computer Music Journal"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B27","article-title":"A Study on Correlation between Tempo and Mood of Music","author":"Plewa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 133rd Audio Engineering Society Convention"},{"key":"2024110818544413300_B28","article-title":"Convolution Processing for Realistic Reverberation","author":"Reilly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 98th Audio Engineering Society Convention"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024110818544413300_B29","first-page":"262","article-title":"Reverberation and How to Remove It","volume":"64","author":"Rumsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024110818544413300_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1121\/1.409944","article-title":"Collected Papers on Acoustics","volume":"95","author":"Sabine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024110818544413300_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992539","article-title":"Cue Utilization in Emotion Attribution from Auditory Stimuli","volume":"1","author":"Scherer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024110818544413300_B32","first-page":"219","article-title":"Natural Sounding Artificial Reverberation","volume":"10","author":"Schroeder","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society"},{"issue":"2A","key":"2024110818544413300_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1971383","article-title":"Digital Simulation of Sound Transmission in Reverberant Spaces","volume":"47","author":"Schroeder","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024110818544413300_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018423","article-title":"When Room Size Matters: Acoustic Influences on Emotional Responses to Sounds","volume":"10","author":"Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024110818544413300_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1109\/TSA.2002.800560","article-title":"Musical Genre Classification of Audio Signals","volume":"10","author":"Tzanetakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024110818544413300_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2012.2189567","article-title":"Fifty Years of Artificial Reverberation","volume":"20","author":"V\u00e4lim\u00e4ki","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024110818544413300_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/109493102753685854","article-title":"Emotion and Auditory Virtual Environments: Affect-Based Judgments of Music Reproduced with Virtual Reverberation Times","volume":"5","author":"V\u00e4stfj\u00e4ll","year":"2002","journal-title":"CyberPsychology and Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024110818544413300_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03195547","article-title":"A MATLAB Function to Estimate Choice Model Parameters from Paired-Comparison Data","volume":"36","author":"Wickelmaier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024110818544413300_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.17743\/jaes.2016.0019","article-title":"On the Affective Potential of the Recorded Voice","volume":"64","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society"}],"container-title":["Computer Music Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/comj\/article-pdf\/47\/2\/57\/2478933\/comj_a_00684.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/comj\/article-pdf\/47\/2\/57\/2478933\/comj_a_00684.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T18:54:57Z","timestamp":1731092097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/comj\/article\/47\/2\/57\/123230\/The-Effects-of-Convolution-Reverberation-on-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/comj_a_00684","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-9267","1531-5169"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0148-9267"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1531-5169"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}