{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T04:11:57Z","timestamp":1750824717861,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MIT Press","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In recent years, there has been a proliferation of sound-based algorithmic practices in visual programming environments such as Max or PureData, enforcing a real-time paradigm for sound synthesis and processing. By contrast, in the same environments, combining sounds in an out-of-time manner proves to be surprisingly complex, with simple editing operations being awkward and complex mechanisms nearly impossible to achieve. This article introduces the ears library: a collection of externals for Max designed to streamline sound-based offline algorithmic practices. As the fourth-born in the bach family of libraries for computer-aided composition (Agostini and Ghisi 2013), ears combines seamlessly with the bach ecosystem and complies with its programming patterns. It contains tools to manipulate sound buffers for input, formatting, editing, mixing, signal processing, time and pitch manipulation, spectral analysis and synthesis, partial tracking, feature extraction, audio compression, waveset manipulation, score rendering, spatialization, and output. Whereas its older siblings in the bach family were intended to make note-based \u201ccompositional\u201d practice more performative, ears is designed to make sound-based \u201cperformative\u201d practices more \u201ccompositional.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/comj_a_00709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T19:45:12Z","timestamp":1743104712000},"page":"10-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Library for Offline Algorithmic Audio Manipulation in Max"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Daniele","family":"Ghisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"danieleghisi@bachproject.net"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"article-title":"OpenMusic: Un langage visuel pour la composition musicale assist\u00e9e par ordinateur","year":"1998","author":"Agon","key":"2025062416373825900_B1"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B2","first-page":"247","article-title":"Gestures, Events and Symbols in the Bach Environment","author":"Agostini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Actes des Journ\u00e9es d\u2019Informatique Musicale"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062416373825900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/07494467.2013.774221","article-title":"Real-Time Computer-Aided Composition with Bach","volume":"32","author":"Agostini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemporary Music Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062416373825900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1162\/COMJ_a_00296","article-title":"A Max Library for Musical Notation and Computer-Aided Composition","volume":"39","author":"Agostini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computer Music Journal"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70210-6_18","article-title":"Programming in Style with Bach","author":"Agostini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perception, Representations, Image, Sound, Music: International Symposium"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B6","first-page":"71","article-title":"Analogique B. A Computer Model of the Compositional Process","volume-title":"Iannis Xenakis, la musique \u00e9lectroacoustique","author":"Arcella","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B7","article-title":"Sound Analysis and Processing with AudioSculpt 2","author":"Bogaards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1145\/2502081.2502229","article-title":"Essentia: An Open-Source Library for Sound and Music Analysis","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery International Conference on Multimedia"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B9","article-title":"Sound Processing in OpenMusic","author":"Bresson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Audio Effects"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B10","article-title":"Irin: Micromontage in Graphical Sound Editing and Mixing Tool","author":"Caires","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1145\/1873951.1874248","article-title":"Sonic Visualiser: An Open Source Application for Viewing, Analysing, and Annotating Music Audio Files","author":"Cannam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery International Conference on Multimedia"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B12","first-page":"270","article-title":"Twenty Years of Ircam Spat: Looking Back, Looking Forward","author":"Carpentier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062416373825900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1162\/comj.2008.32.3.87","article-title":"A Tutorial on Spectral Sound Processing Using Max\/MSP and Jitter","volume":"32","author":"Charles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Computer Music Journal"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B14","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Fine-Tuned Control of Concatenative Synthesis with Catart Using the Bach Library for Max","author":"Einbond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Joint International Computer Music Conference and the Sound and Music Computing Conference"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.1289577","article-title":"Real-Time Corpus-Based Concatenative Synthesis for Symbolic Notation","author":"Ghisi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Technologies for Music Notation and Representation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062416373825900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/09298215.2016.1236823","article-title":"Extending Bach: A Family of Libraries for Real-Time Computer-Assisted Composition in Max","volume":"46","author":"Ghisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of New Music Research"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B17","first-page":"11","article-title":"A Compendium of Bach\u2019s Shortcomings as It Turns Ten\u2014Along with a Few Ideas on How to Overcome Them","author":"Ghisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062416373825900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1984.1164317","article-title":"Signal Estimation from Modified Short-Time Fourier Transform","volume":"32","author":"Griffin","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B19","article-title":"Software for Spectral Analysis, Editing, and Synthesis","author":"Klingbeil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062416373825900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1162\/comj.2009.33.1.19","article-title":"An Overview of PWGL, a Visual Programming Environment for Music","volume":"33","author":"Laurson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computer Music Journal"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139163927","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration Analysis for Engineers","author":"Norton","year":"2003"},{"article-title":"A Large Set of Audio Features for Sound Description (Similarity and Classification) in the CUIDADO Project","year":"2004","author":"Peeters","key":"2025062416373825900_B22"},{"article-title":"A Divide between \u2018Compositional\u2019 and Performative\u2019 Aspects of Pd","year":"2004","author":"Puckette","key":"2025062416373825900_B23"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062416373825900_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2307\/3680222","article-title":"Automated Granular Synthesis of Sound","volume":"2","author":"Roads","year":"1978","journal-title":"Computer Music Journal"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B25","first-page":"423","article-title":"MuBu and Friends\u2014Assembling Tools for Content Based Real-Time Interactive Audio Processing in Max\/MSP","author":"Schnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B26","article-title":"Current Research in Concatenative Sound Synthesis","author":"Schwarz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B27","first-page":"279","article-title":"Real-Time Corpus-Based Concatenative Synthesis with CataRT","author":"Schwarz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Audio Effects"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B28","article-title":"Extensions and Applications of the SDIF Sound Description Interchange Format","author":"Schwarz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference"},{"key":"2025062416373825900_B29","article-title":"Paradigms for the High-Level Musical Control of Digital Signal Processing","author":"Stroppa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Audio Effects"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062416373825900_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1162\/comj_a_00600","article-title":"Enabling Programmatic Data Mining as Musicking: The Fluid Corpus Manipulation Toolkit","volume":"45","author":"Tremblay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Music Journal"},{"volume-title":"Analogique B","year":"1959","author":"Xenakis","key":"2025062416373825900_B31"}],"container-title":["Computer Music Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/comj\/article-pdf\/48\/1\/10\/2509929\/comj_a_00709.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/comj\/article-pdf\/48\/1\/10\/2509929\/comj_a_00709.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T20:37:50Z","timestamp":1750797470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/comj\/article\/48\/1\/10\/128610\/A-Library-for-Offline-Algorithmic-Audio"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/comj_a_00709","relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-9267","1531-5169"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0148-9267"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1531-5169"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}