{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:56:44Z","timestamp":1772794604694,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Urban areas have many problems, including homelessness, graffiti, and littering. These problems are influenced by various factors and are linked to each other; thus, an understanding of the problem structure is required in order to detect and solve the root problems that generate vicious cycles. Moreover, before implementing action plans to solve these problems, local governments need to estimate cost-effectiveness when the plans are carried out. Therefore, this paper proposed constructing an urban problem knowledge graph that would include urban problems' causality and the related cost information in budget sheets. In addition, this paper proposed a method for detecting vicious cycles of urban problems using SPARQL queries with inference rules from the knowledge graph. Finally, several root problems that led to vicious cycles were detected. Urban-problem experts evaluated the extracted causal relations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/dint_a_00113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T20:52:06Z","timestamp":1637614326000},"page":"88-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Detecting Vicious Cycles in Urban Problem Knowledge Graph using\n                    Inference Rules"],"prefix":"10.3724","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Shusaku","family":"Egami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan"},{"name":"National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki 305-8517, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kouji","family":"Kozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Information and Communication Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Osaka 572-8530, Japan"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Ohsuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}]}],"member":"2026","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Modeling and querying data warehouses on the semantic Web using\n                        QB4OLAP","author":"Etcheverry","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref2","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Building and using a knowledge graph to combat human\n                        trafficking","author":"Szekely","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref3","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Building urban LOD for solving illegally parked bicycles in\n                        Tokyo","author":"Egami","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref4","first-page":"814","volume-title":"Construction of linked urban problem data with causal relations\n                        using crowdsourcing","author":"Egami","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref5","first-page":"334","volume-title":"Linked urban open data including social problems\u2019 causality\n                        and their cost","author":"Egami","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref6","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Towards continuous collaboration on civic tech projects: Use cases\n                        of a goal sharing system based on linked open data","author":"Shiramatsu","year":"2015"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref7","first-page":"94","volume-title":"From data to city indicators: A knowledge graph for supporting\n                        automatic generation of dashboards","author":"Santos","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref8","first-page":"2059","volume-title":"An ontological approach to dynamic fine-grained urban\n                        indicators","author":"Pileggi","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022020307031008100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-150172","article-title":"Linkedspending: Openspending becomes linked open\n                        data","volume":"7","author":"H\u00f6ffner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semantic Web Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022020307031008100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-013-0324-z","article-title":"Large-scale linked data integration using probabilistic\n                        reasoning and crowdsourcing","volume":"22","author":"Demartini","year":"2013","journal-title":"The International\n                        Journal on Very Large Data Bases"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref11","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Linking smart cities datasets with human computation\u2014the case\n                        of urbanmatch","author":"Celino","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022020307031008100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2006.196","article-title":"Games with a purpose","volume":"39","author":"Ahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE\n                        Computer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022020307031008100_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1504\/IJIIDS.2012.045117","article-title":"Self-supervised capturing of users\u2019 activities from\n                        weblogs","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Intelligent\n                        Information and Database Systems"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref14","first-page":"210","volume-title":"Lodifier: Generating linked data from unstructured text","author":"Augenstein","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref15","first-page":"509","volume-title":"Learning to link with Wikipedia","author":"Milne","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref16","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Results of the WNUT16 named entity recognition shared task","author":"Strauss","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref17","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Semantic inference for pharmacokinetic drug-drug\n                        interactions","author":"Moitra","year":"2014"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022020307031008100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.5b00119","article-title":"Dinto: Using OWL ontologies and SWRL rules to infer drug-drug\n                        interactions and their mechanisms","volume":"55","author":"Herrero-Zazo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of\n                        Chemical Information and Modeling"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref19","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Japanese dependency analyisis using cascaded chunking","author":"Kudo","year":"2002"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref20","article-title":"The state record linkage and current research\n                        problems","volume-title":"Technical report, Statistics of Income\n                        Division","author":"Winkler","year":"1999"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref21","first-page":"1440","volume-title":"Deriving a large scale taxonomy from Wikipedia","author":"Ponzetto","year":"2007"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref22","first-page":"747","volume-title":"Test-driven evaluation of linked data quality","author":"Kontokostas","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022020307031008100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447303300309","article-title":"The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclass\n                        correlation coefficient as measures of reliability","volume":"33","author":"Fleiss","year":"1973","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022020307031008100_ref24","first-page":"360","article-title":"Understanding interobserver agreement: The kappa\n                        statistic","volume":"37","author":"Viera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Family Medicine"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref25","first-page":"369","article-title":"Broken windows","volume-title":"Critical Issues in Policing","author":"Wilson","year":"1989"},{"key":"2022020307031008100_ref26","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Urban problem LOD for understanding the problem structure and\n                        detecting vicious cycles","author":"Egami","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022020307031008100_ref27","first-page":"49","article-title":"The rise of poverty in Japan: The emergence of the working\n                        poor","volume":"5","author":"Sekine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Japan Labor Review"}],"container-title":["Data Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/dint\/article-pdf\/4\/1\/88\/1985103\/dint_a_00113.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/dint\/article-pdf\/4\/1\/88\/1985103\/dint_a_00113.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T07:41:14Z","timestamp":1741938074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sciengine.com\/doi\/10.1162\/dint_a_00113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/dint_a_00113","relation":{},"ISSN":["2641-435X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2641-435X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}