{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T08:48:10Z","timestamp":1772095690953,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":221,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Temporal information is pervasive and crucial in medical records and other clinical text, as it formulates the development process of medical conditions and is vital for clinical decision making. However, providing a holistic knowledge representation and reasoning framework for various time expressions in the clinical text is challenging. In order to capture complex temporal semantics in clinical text, we propose a novel Clinical Time Ontology (CTO) as an extension from OWL framework. More specifically, we identified eight time-related problems in clinical text and created 11 core temporal classes to conceptualize the fuzzy time, cyclic time, irregular time, negations and other complex aspects of clinical time. Then, we extended Allen's and TEO's temporal relations and defined the relation concept description between complex and simple time. Simultaneously, we provided a formulaic and graphical presentation of complex time and complex time relationships. We carried out empirical study on the expressiveness and usability of CTO using real-world healthcare datasets. Finally, experiment results demonstrate that CTO could faithfully represent and reason over 93% of the temporal expressions, and it can cover a wider range of time-related classes in clinical domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/dint_a_00152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T19:14:38Z","timestamp":1660158878000},"page":"573-598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Knowledge Representation and Reasoning for Complex Time Expression in\n                    Clinical Text"],"prefix":"10.3724","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Danyang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rich-Media Knowledge Organization and Service of Digital Publishing Content, National Press and Publication Administration of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 10038, China"},{"name":"Institute of Big Data Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rich-Media Knowledge Organization and Service of Digital Publishing Content, National Press and Publication Administration of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 10038, China"},{"name":"Institute of Big Data Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rich-Media Knowledge Organization and Service of Digital Publishing Content, National Press and Publication Administration of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 10038, China"},{"name":"Institute of Big Data Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rich-Media Knowledge Organization and Service of Digital Publishing Content, National Press and Publication Administration of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 10038, China"},{"name":"Institute of Big Data Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinguang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rich-Media Knowledge Organization and Service of Digital Publishing Content, National Press and Publication Administration of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 10038, China"},{"name":"Institute of Big Data Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2026","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2021.103784","article-title":"Review of temporal reasoning in the clinical domain for\n                        timeline extraction: Where we are and where we need to be","volume":"118","author":"Olex","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022081019142498400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-019-00049-0","article-title":"Extraction of temporal information from clinical\n                        narratives","volume":"3","author":"Moharasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics\n                        Research"},{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref3","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Timelines: Entity-centric event extraction from online\n                    news","author":"Piskorski","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022081019142498400_ref4","first-page":"6","article-title":"Temporal relation recognition method for news events based on\n                        cross event theory","volume":"34","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer 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W3C working draft 27","author":"Hobbs","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022081019142498400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1145\/182.358434","article-title":"Maintaining knowledge about temporal\n                        intervals","volume":"26","author":"Allen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.09.082","article-title":"CHRONOS: A reasoning engine for qualitative temporal\n                        information in OWL","volume":"22","author":"Anagnostopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Computer\n                        Science"},{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.02.007","article-title":"Temporal data representation, normalization, extraction, and\n                        reasoning: A review from clinical domain","volume":"128","author":"Madkour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer\n                        Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref11","first-page":"787","volume-title":"CNTRO: a semantic web ontology for temporal relation inferencing in\n                        clinical narratives","author":"Tao","year":"2010"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022081019142498400_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa058","article-title":"Time event ontology (TEO): to support semantic representation\n                        and reasoning of complex temporal relations of clinical\n                        events","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics\n                        Association"},{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref13","volume-title":"A daml ontology of time","author":"Hobbs","year":"2002"},{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref14","volume-title":"SWRL Temporal Ontology"},{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref15","first-page":"539","volume-title":"An ontology of environments, events, and happenings","author":"Ermolayev","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref16","volume-title":"Standard for the annotation of temporal expressions-tides","author":"Ferro","year":"2005"},{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref17","first-page":"446","volume-title":"A scheme for integrating concrete domains into concept\n                        languages","author":"Baader","year":"1991"},{"key":"2022081019142498400_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0881-2_11","article-title":"Inter-annotator agreement","volume-title":"Handbook\n                        of linguistic annotation","author":"Artstein","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Data Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/dint\/article-pdf\/4\/3\/573\/2038466\/dint_a_00152.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/dint\/article-pdf\/4\/3\/573\/2038466\/dint_a_00152.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T07:44:25Z","timestamp":1741938265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.sciengine.com\/doi\/10.1162\/dint_a_00152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/dint_a_00152","relation":{},"ISSN":["2641-435X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2641-435X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}