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Rather than using the genotype directly as input to the surrogate model, we propose using a phenotypic characterization. This phenotypic characterization can be computed efficiently and allows us to define approximate measures of equivalence and similarity. Using a stochastic, dynamic job shop scenario as an example of simulation-based GP with an expensive fitness evaluation, we show how these ideas can be used to construct surrogate models and improve the convergence speed and solution quality of GP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/evco_a_00133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T17:28:28Z","timestamp":1403803708000},"page":"343-367","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["On Using Surrogates with Genetic Programming"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Torsten","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bremer Institut f\u00fcr Produktion und Logistik GmbH (BIBA) an der Universit\u00e4t Bremen, Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Branke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2012.2234464"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207548208947745"},{"key":"B3","author":"Branke J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-003-0329-4"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01799-5_6"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1665-5_15"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-9978(00)00109-5"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-46239-2_19"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"196","author":"El-Beltagy M. 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