{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:43:18Z","timestamp":1780407798668,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolutionary Computation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Design optimization techniques are often used at the beginning of the design process to explore the space of possible designs. In these domains illumination algorithms, such as MAP-Elites, are promising alternatives to classic optimization algorithms because they produce diverse, high-quality solutions in a single run, instead of only a single near-optimal solution. Unfortunately, these algorithms currently require a large number of function evaluations, limiting their applicability. In this article, we introduce a new illumination algorithm, Surrogate-Assisted Illumination (SAIL), that leverages surrogate modeling techniques to create a map of the design space according to user-defined features while minimizing the number of fitness evaluations. On a two-dimensional airfoil optimization problem, SAIL produces hundreds of diverse but high-performing designs with several orders of magnitude fewer evaluations than MAP-Elites or CMA-ES. We demonstrate that SAIL is also capable of producing maps of high-performing designs in realistic three-dimensional aerodynamic tasks with an accurate flow simulation. Data-efficient design exploration with SAIL can help designers understand what is possible, beyond what is optimal, by considering more than pure objective-based optimization. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/evco_a_00231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T19:49:11Z","timestamp":1528487351000},"page":"381-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Data-Efficient Design Exploration through Surrogate-Assisted Illumination"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Gaier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000 Nancy, France Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, 53757, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Asteroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, 53757, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Mouret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"B1","author":"Bradner E.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"1951","author":"Calandra R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"100:236","author":"Chatzilygeroudis K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"5211:503","author":"Cully A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0305215031000151256"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"1629","author":"Deb K.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GECCO)"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72153-6_7"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"361","author":"Emmerich M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"45:50","author":"Forrester A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2017-3330"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3071178.3071282"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2005.12.008"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99253-2_40"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106365601750190398"},{"key":"B18","author":"Hasenj\u00e4ger M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GECCO)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EVCO_a_00005"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-003-0328-5"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2012.2185849"},{"key":"B23","author":"Lehman J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GECCO)"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EVCO_a_00025"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"46:5","author":"Lian Y.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences"},{"key":"B26","author":"Menzel S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of 6th World Congress on Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298640"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-314X(88)90025-X"},{"key":"B31","author":"Padulo M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"17th AIAA\/ASME\/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference"},{"key":"B32","author":"Pautrat R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EVCO_a_00144"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2016.00040"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"6:1939","author":"Qui\u00f1onero-Candela J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"11:1865","author":"Qui\u00f1onero-Candela J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Gaussian process for machine learning","author":"Rasmussen C.","year":"2006"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4485(03)00003-4"},{"key":"B40","author":"Samareh J. 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