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In this study, we try to tackle this problem by using a pre-optimization strategy on a lower-dimensional optimization problem and then map the solutions to a higher-dimensional case. For a use case to design buildings that minimize wind nuisance, we show that we can predict flow features around 3D buildings from 2D flow features around building footprints. For a diverse set of building designs, by sampling the space of 2D footprints with a quality diversity algorithm, a predictive model can be trained that is more accurate than when trained on a set of footprints that were selected with a space-filling algorithm like the Sobol sequence. Simulating only 16 buildings in 3D, a set of 1,024 building designs with low predicted wind nuisance is created. We show that we can produce better machine learning models by producing training data with quality diversity instead of using common sampling techniques. The method can bootstrap generative design in a computationally expensive 3D domain and allow engineers to sweep the design space, understanding wind nuisance in early design phases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/evco_a_00326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T19:40:38Z","timestamp":1680810038000},"page":"287-307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficient Quality Diversity Optimization of 3D Buildings through 2D Pre-Optimization"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8668-1796","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Hagg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, Resource and Energy-efficient Engineering (TREE), Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, 53757, Germany alex@haggdesign.de"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2085-7787","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin L.","family":"Kliemank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, Resource and Energy-efficient Engineering (TREE), Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, 53757, Germany martin.kliemank@smail.emt.h-brs.de"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-9424","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Asteroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, Resource and Energy-efficient Engineering (TREE), Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, 53757, Germany alexander.asteroth@h-brs.de"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3263-7287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dominik","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, Resource and Energy-efficient Engineering (TREE), Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, 53757, Germany"},{"name":"Dpt. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Siegen, Siegen, 57076, Germany dominik.wilde@h-brs.de"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9281-2027","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mario C.","family":"Bedrunka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, Resource and Energy-efficient Engineering (TREE), Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, 53757, Germany"},{"name":"Dpt. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Siegen, Siegen, 57076, Germany mario.bedrunka@h-brs.de"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2056-6960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Holger","family":"Foysi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpt. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Siegen, Siegen, 57076, Germany holger.foysi@uni-siegen.de"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1480-6745","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dirk","family":"Reith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, Resource and Energy-efficient Engineering (TREE), Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, 53757, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, 53754, Germany dirk.reith@h-brs.de"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Nov","key":"2023090105043831700_B1","first-page":"397","article-title":"Using confidence bounds for exploitation-exploration trade-offs","volume":"3","author":"Auer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"2023090105043831700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90539-2_3","article-title":"Lettuce: PyTorch-based Lattice Boltzmann framework","author":"Bedrunka","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Conference on High Performance Computing"},{"key":"2023090105043831700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1145\/3520304.3533993","article-title":"COIL: Constrained optimization in learned latent space: Learning representations for valid solutions","author":"Bentley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023090105043831700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.94.511","article-title":"A model for collision processes in gases. 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