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Postpuberty Japanese participants learned a new English rule with simplex sentences during one month of instruction, and then they were tested on \u201cuninstructed complex sentences\u201d as well as \u201cinstructed simplex sentences.\u201d The behavioral data show that they can acquire more knowledge than is instructed, suggesting the interweaving of nature (universal principles of grammar, UG) and nurture (instruction) in L2 acquisition. The comparison in the \u201cuninstructed complex sentences\u201d between post-instruction and pre-instruction using functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals a significant activation in Broca's area. Thus, this study provides new insight into Broca's area, where nature and nurture cooperate to produce L2 learners' rich linguistic knowledge. 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