{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:49:36Z","timestamp":1759938576508},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We investigate whether the neural correlates of the continuity illusion, as measured using fMRI, are modulated by attention. As we have shown previously, when two formants of a synthetic vowel are presented in an alternating pattern, the vowel can be identified if the gaps in each formant are filled with bursts of plausible masking noise, causing the illusory percept of a continuous vowel (\u201cIllusion\u201d condition). When the formant-to-noise ratio is increased so that noise no longer plausibly masks the formants, the formants are heard as interrupted (\u201cIllusion Break\u201d condition) and vowels are not identifiable. A region of the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) is sensitive both to intact synthetic vowels (two formants present simultaneously) and to Illusion stimuli, compared to Illusion Break stimuli. Here, we compared these conditions in the presence and absence of attention. We examined fMRI signal for different sound types under three attentional conditions: full attention to the vowels; attention to a visual distracter; or attention to an auditory distracter. Crucially, although a robust main effect of attentional state was observed in many regions, the effect of attention did not differ systematically for the illusory vowels compared to either intact vowels or to the Illusion Break stimuli in the left STG\/MTG vowel-sensitive region. This result suggests that illusory continuity of vowels is an obligatory perceptual process, and operates independently of attentional state. An additional finding was that the sensitivity of primary auditory cortex to the number of sound onsets in the stimulus was modulated by attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2011.21627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,26]],"date-time":"2011-01-26T13:56:45Z","timestamp":1296050205000},"page":"2675-2689","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Continuity Illusion Does Not Depend on Attentional State: fMRI Evidence from Illusory Vowels"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Antje","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"2Queen's University, Kingston, Canada"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Carlyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"given":"Ingrid S.","family":"Johnsrude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Queen's University, Kingston, Canada"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072901065560300_R1","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Bottom\u2013up and top\u2013down influences on auditory scene analysis: Evidence from event-related brain potentials.","volume":"27","author":"Alain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749108400985","article-title":"A computer model of auditory stream segregation.","volume":"43A","author":"Beauvois","year":"1991","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1486.001.0001","volume-title":"Auditory scene analysis.","author":"Bregman","year":"1990"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R4","first-page":"115","article-title":"Effects of attention and unilateral neglect on auditory stream segregation.","volume":"27","author":"Carlyon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R5","first-page":"408","article-title":"The continuity illusion and vowel identification.","volume":"88","author":"Carlyon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Acustica United with Acustica"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1068\/p5035","article-title":"Cross-modal and non-sensory influences on auditory streaming.","volume":"32","author":"Carlyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929053467541","article-title":"The intraparietal sulcus and perceptual organization.","volume":"17","author":"Cusack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R8","first-page":"643","article-title":"Effects of location, frequency region, and time course of selective attention on auditory scene analysis.","volume":"30","author":"Cusack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012505626-7\/50013-3","article-title":"Auditory grouping.","volume-title":"Hearing","author":"Darwin","year":"1995"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2007.01.014","article-title":"Hearing speech sounds: Top\u2013down influences on the interface between audition and speech perception.","volume":"229","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/42947","article-title":"Restricted attentional capacity within but not between sensory modalities.","volume":"387","author":"Duncan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)7:2<89::AID-HBM2>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Improved auditory cortex imaging using clustered volume acquisition.","volume":"7","author":"Edmister","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.1037","article-title":"Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate.","volume":"15","author":"Genovese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)7:3<213::AID-HBM5>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"\u201cSparse\u201d temporal sampling in auditory fMRI.","volume":"7","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20069","article-title":"Illusory vowels resulting from perceptual continuity: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"20","author":"Heinrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R16","volume-title":"ANOVAs and SPM.","author":"Henson","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1121\/1.405811","article-title":"Uncomodulated glimpsing in checkerboard noise.","volume":"93","author":"Howard-Jones","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(02)00500-X","article-title":"The effects of attention on speech perception: An fMRI study.","volume":"85","author":"Hugdahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929055002472","article-title":"Investigating the neural basis of the auditory continuity illusion.","volume":"17","author":"Husain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00288-8","article-title":"Attention modulates activity in the primary and the secondary auditory cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in human subjects.","volume":"266","author":"J\u00e4ncke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi039","article-title":"Attention to simultaneous unrelated auditory and visual events: Behavioral and neural correlates.","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn148","article-title":"The effects of stimulus modality and frequency of stimulus presentation on cross-modal distraction.","volume":"19","author":"Mayer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.06.007","article-title":"Are there interactive processes in speech perception?","volume":"10","author":"McClelland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2003.15.5.747","article-title":"The neurophysiological basis of the auditory continuity illusion: A mismatch negativity study.","volume":"15","author":"Micheyl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R25","first-page":"320","article-title":"Factors influencing sequential stream segregation.","volume":"88","author":"Moore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Acustica United with Acustica"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-8-35","article-title":"Cross-modal deactivations during modality-specific selective attention.","volume":"8","author":"Mozolic","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1997)5:6<422::AID-HBM3>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Auditory and visual attention assessed with PET.","volume":"5","author":"O'Leary","year":"1997","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1256","article-title":"Attention modulation of human auditory cortex.","volume":"7","author":"Petkov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.02.031","article-title":"Encoding of illusory continuity in primary auditory cortex.","volume":"54","author":"Petkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0067","article-title":"Auditory selective attention: An fMRI study.","volume":"4","author":"Pugh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R31","volume-title":"Digital processing of speech signals.","author":"Rabiner","year":"1978"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20123","article-title":"Modulation of auditory cortex activation by sound presentation rate and attention.","volume":"26","author":"Rinne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32826fb3bb","article-title":"Attention modulates sound processing in human auditory cortex but not the inferior colliculus.","volume":"18","author":"Rinne","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.052","article-title":"Attentional and linguistic interactions in speech perception.","volume":"39","author":"Sabri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.110.4.474","article-title":"Phonemic restoration: Insights from a new methodology.","volume":"110","author":"Samuel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.045","article-title":"Neural mechanisms for illusory filling-in of degraded speech.","volume":"44","author":"Shahin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1017\/S0048577299971056","article-title":"An investigation of the auditory streaming effect using event-related potentials.","volume":"36","author":"Sussman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R38","volume-title":"Auditory perception: A new analysis and synthesis.","author":"Warren","year":"1999"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00788.2006","article-title":"Cortical fMRI activation to sequences of tones alternating in frequency: Relationship to perceived rate and streaming.","volume":"97","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072901065560300_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/075)","article-title":"Cortical mechanisms of speech perception in noise.","volume":"51","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/23\/10\/2675\/1942807\/jocn.2011.21627.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/23\/10\/2675\/1942807\/jocn.2011.21627.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T01:30:45Z","timestamp":1627522245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/23\/10\/2675\/5332\/The-Continuity-Illusion-Does-Not-Depend-on"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.2011.21627","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]}}}