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The type of the learned association could also affect which system is involved: We expected the striatal reward system to be adept at learning action\u2013feedback associations and the MTL to be primarily involved in learning stimulus\u2013feedback associations, which should be reflected in stronger prediction error (PE) representations in the FRN\/RewP and N170, respectively. The relative contributions of the striatum and MTL to feedback learning and processing, however, also seem to be determined by the feedback's timing (immediate vs. delayed). We recorded EEG while 40 participants learned in an action\u2013feedback condition or a stimulus\u2013feedback condition with immediate and delayed feedback. Replicating previous studies, the FRN\/RewP was most negative for unexpected negative feedback and most positive for unexpected positive feedback. Surprisingly, this PE \u00d7 Feedback Valence interaction was more pronounced for the stimulus\u2013feedback condition than the action\u2013feedback condition. Interestingly, we found a PE \u00d7 Feedback Valence interaction also in the N170, but with most negative amplitudes for unexpected positive and expected negative feedback. This interaction appeared across feedback timings for the stimulus\u2013feedback condition, but only for immediate feedback for the action\u2013feedback condition. The results suggest that striatal and MTL systems cooperate across feedback timings for stimulus\u2013feedback associations, but not for action\u2013feedback associations learned with delayed feedback.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.a.49","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T09:57:10Z","timestamp":1747735030000},"page":"2225-2259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neural Processing of Immediate versus Delayed Feedback in Action\u2013Feedback and Stimulus\u2013Feedback Associations"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Madita","family":"R\u00f6hlinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heinrich Heine University 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