{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:05:09Z","timestamp":1777424709815,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>For more than a century, neurologists have hypothesized that the arcuate fasciculus carries signals that are essential for language function; however, the relevance of the pathway for particular behaviors is highly controversial. The primary objective of this study was to use diffusion tensor imaging to examine the relationship between individual variation in the microstructural properties of arcuate fibers and behavioral measures of language and reading skills. A second objective was to use novel fiber-tracking methods to reassess estimates of arcuate lateralization. In a sample of 55 children, we found that measurements of diffusivity in the left arcuate correlate with phonological awareness skills and arcuate volume lateralization correlates with phonological memory and reading skills. Contrary to previous investigations that report the absence of the right arcuate in some subjects, we demonstrate that new techniques can identify the pathway in every individual. Our results provide empirical support for the role of the arcuate fasciculus in the development of reading skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,13]],"date-time":"2011-05-13T14:09:54Z","timestamp":1305295794000},"page":"3304-3317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":311,"title":["Anatomical Properties of the Arcuate Fasciculus Predict Phonological and Reading Skills in Children"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Yeatman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Stanford University"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Stanford University"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rykhlevskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Stanford University"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Sherbondy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Stanford University"}]},{"given":"Gayle K.","family":"Deutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Stanford University"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Wandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Stanford University"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Ben-Shachar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072901013487000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.032","article-title":"On-line plasticity in spoken sentence comprehension: Adapting to time-compressed speech.","volume":"49","author":"Adank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akers, D.\n           (2006). CINCH: A cooperatively designed marking interface for 3D pathway selection. Paper presented at the User Interface Software and Technology (UIST), Montreux, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1166253.1166260"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.12.007","article-title":"It's either a cook or a baker: Patients with conduction aphasia get the gist but lose the trace.","volume":"105","author":"Baldo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200010)44:4<625::AID-MRM17>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data.","volume":"44","author":"Basser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1006\/jmrb.1996.0086","article-title":"Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI.","volume":"111","author":"Basser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series B"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.782","article-title":"The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system\u2014A technical review.","volume":"15","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2002","journal-title":"NMR in Biomedicine"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.053","article-title":"Imaging brain connectivity in children with diverse reading ability.","volume":"25","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.03.006","article-title":"White matter pathways in reading.","volume":"17","author":"Ben-Shachar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858407305726","article-title":"Functional anatomic models of language: Assembling the pieces.","volume":"14","author":"Ben-Shalom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp206","article-title":"The role of the arcuate fasciculus in conduction aphasia.","volume":"132","author":"Bernal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17163","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702116104","article-title":"Symmetries in human brain language pathways correlate with verbal recall.","volume":"104","author":"Catani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh622","article-title":"The rises and falls of disconnection syndromes.","volume":"128","author":"Catani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20319","article-title":"Perisylvian language networks of the human brain.","volume":"57","author":"Catani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.04.002","article-title":"The arcuate fasciculus and the disconnection theme in language and aphasia: History and current state.","volume":"44","author":"Catani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20426","article-title":"RESTORE: Robust estimation of tensors by outlier rejection.","volume":"53","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.2.337","article-title":"The anatomical basis of conduction aphasia.","volume":"103","author":"Damasio","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70272-7","article-title":"Children's reading performance is correlated with white matter structure measured by diffusion tensor imaging.","volume":"41","author":"Deutsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8556","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608961104","article-title":"Temporal-callosal pathway diffusivity predicts phonological skills in children.","volume":"104","author":"Dougherty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.3.JNS081427","article-title":"Relationships between essential cortical language sites and subcortical pathways.","volume":"111","author":"Ellmore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm003","article-title":"Quantitative diffusion tensor tractography of association and projection fibers in normally developing children and adolescents.","volume":"17","author":"Eluvathingal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02406.x","article-title":"Language lateralization correlates with verbal memory performance in children with focal epilepsy.","volume":"51","author":"Everts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11435","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2388-08.2008","article-title":"Dissociating the human language pathways with high angular resolution diffusion fiber tractography.","volume":"28","author":"Frey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.01.001","article-title":"Pathways to language: Fiber tracts in the human brain.","volume":"13","author":"Friederici","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(02)00530-8","article-title":"Sentence comprehension and working memory limitation in aphasia: A dissociation between semantic-syntactic and phonological reactivation.","volume":"86","author":"Friedmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.04.021","article-title":"Generative and recognition models for neuroanatomy.","volume":"23","author":"Friston","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328314b8ee","article-title":"Splenium microstructure is related to two dimensions of reading skill.","volume":"19","author":"Frye","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/88.2.237","article-title":"Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I.","volume":"88","author":"Geschwind","year":"1965","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/88.3.585","article-title":"Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. II.","volume":"88","author":"Geschwind","year":"1965","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170.3961.940","article-title":"The organization of language and the brain.","volume":"170","author":"Geschwind","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn011","article-title":"DTI tractography of the human brain's language pathways.","volume":"18","author":"Glasser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.10.011","article-title":"Dorsal and ventral streams: A framework for understanding aspects of the functional anatomy of language.","volume":"92","author":"Hickok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing.","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.053","article-title":"Tract probability maps in stereotaxic spaces: Analyses of white matter anatomy and tract-specific quantification.","volume":"39","author":"Hua","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20033","article-title":"The effect of gradient sampling schemes on measures derived from diffusion tensor MRI: A Monte Carlo study.","volume":"51","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.10.018","article-title":"Altering cortical connectivity: Remediation-induced changes in the white matter of poor readers.","volume":"64","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80911-3","article-title":"Microstructure of temporo-parietal white matter as a basis for reading ability: Evidence from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"25","author":"Klingberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-07-02156.1990","article-title":"Axon overproduction and elimination in the corpus callosum of the developing rhesus monkey.","volume":"10","author":"LaMantia","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903400304","article-title":"Axon overproduction and elimination in the anterior commissure of the developing rhesus monkey.","volume":"340","author":"LaMantia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20779","article-title":"Lateralization of the arcuate fasciculus from childhood to adulthood and its relation to cognitive abilities in children.","volume":"30","author":"Lebel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.053","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence.","volume":"36","author":"Lenroot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/7.4.433","article-title":"On aphasia.","volume":"7","author":"Lichtheim","year":"1885","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910310614","article-title":"In vivo visualization of myelin water in brain by magnetic resonance.","volume":"31","author":"MacKay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199902)45:2<265::AID-ANA21>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Three-dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"45","author":"Mori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R44","volume-title":"MRI atlas of human white matter.","author":"Mori","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.011","article-title":"Left lateralized white matter microstructure accounts for individual differences in reading ability and disability.","volume":"44","author":"Niogi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.009","article-title":"Brain connectivity in non-reading impaired children and children diagnosed with developmental dyslexia.","volume":"47","author":"Odegard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(85)90081-1","article-title":"Evidence for sex differences in brain organization in recovery in aphasia.","volume":"25","author":"Pizzamiglio","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901750363235","article-title":"Relations between the neural bases of dynamic auditory processing and phonological processing: Evidence from fMRI.","volume":"13","author":"Poldrack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.011","article-title":"Reading impairment in a patient with missing arcuate fasciculus.","volume":"47","author":"Rauschecker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2072","article-title":"The evolution of the arcuate fasciculus revealed with comparative DTI.","volume":"11","author":"Rilling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10677","article-title":"Comprehensive approach for correction of motion and distortion in diffusion-weighted MRI.","volume":"51","author":"Rohde","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805234105","article-title":"Ventral and dorsal pathways for language.","volume":"105","author":"Saur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195104233.001.0001","volume-title":"Fiber pathways of the brain.","author":"Schmahmann","year":"2006"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20503","article-title":"Cross-subject comparison of principal diffusion direction maps.","volume":"53","author":"Schwartzman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R55","first-page":"861","article-title":"Think global, act local; projectome estimation with BlueMatter.","volume":"12","author":"Sherbondy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/8.9.15","article-title":"ConTrack: Finding the most likely pathways between brain regions using diffusion tractography.","volume":"8","author":"Sherbondy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R57","first-page":"183","article-title":"MicroTrack: An algorithm for concurrent projectome and microstructure estimation.","volume":"6361","author":"Sherbondy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science\u2013MICCAI 2010"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.068","article-title":"Bound pool fractions complement diffusion measures to describe white matter micro and macrostructure.","volume":"54","author":"Stikov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1pncndb","volume-title":"The fundamental of brain development integrating nature and nurture.","author":"Stiles","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.12.041","article-title":"Fiber density asymmetry of the arcuate fasciculus in relation to functional hemispheric language lateralization in both right- and left-handed healthy subjects: A combined fMRI and DTI study.","volume":"35","author":"Vernooij","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192","article-title":"The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills.","volume":"101","author":"Wagner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R62","volume-title":"Comprehensive test of phonological processes (CTOPP).","author":"Wagner","year":"1999"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.072","article-title":"Microstructural correlations of white matter tracts in the human brain.","volume":"51","author":"Wahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R64","volume-title":"The aphasia symptom-complex","author":"Wernicke","year":"1874"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R65","volume-title":"Woodcock Johnson III Tests of Achievement.","author":"Woodcock","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021072901013487000_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.04.029","article-title":"Cross-relaxation imaging reveals detailed anatomy of white matter fiber tracts in the human brain.","volume":"23","author":"Yarnykh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/23\/11\/3304\/1942145\/jocn_a_00061.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/23\/11\/3304\/1942145\/jocn_a_00061.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T01:20:36Z","timestamp":1627521636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/23\/11\/3304\/5237\/Anatomical-Properties-of-the-Arcuate-Fasciculus"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00061","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]}}}