{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T04:09:47Z","timestamp":1773893387526,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Evidence from hemodynamic and electrophysiological measures suggests that the processing of emotionally relevant information occurs in a spatially and temporally distributed affective network. ERP studies of emotional stimulus processing frequently report differential responses to emotional stimuli starting around 120 msec. However, the involvement of structures that seem to become activated at earlier latencies (i.e., amygdala and OFC) would allow for more rapid modulations, even in distant cortical areas. Consistent with this notion, recent ERP studies investigating associative learning have provided evidence for rapid modulations in sensory areas earlier than 120 msec, but these studies either used simple and\/or very few stimuli. The present study used high-density whole-head magneto-encephalography to measure brain responses to a multitude of neutral facial stimuli, which were associated with an aversive or neutral odor. Significant emotional modulations were observed at intervals of 50\u201380 and 130\u2013190 msec in frontal and occipito-temporal regions, respectively. In the absence of contingency awareness and with only two learning instances, a remarkable capacity for emotional learning is observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]],"date-time":"2011-06-15T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1308107357000},"page":"17-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Rapid and Highly Resolving: Affective Evaluation of Olfactorily Conditioned Faces"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of M\u00fcnster"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Dobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of M\u00fcnster"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald T.","family":"Schupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Konstanz"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Kissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Konstanz"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludger","family":"Elling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of M\u00fcnster"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christo","family":"Pantev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of M\u00fcnster"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Jungh\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of M\u00fcnster"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913185956600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00301-X","article-title":"Neural systems for recognizing emotion.","volume":"12","author":"Adolphs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-07-02683.2000","article-title":"A role for somatosensory cortices in the visual recognition of emotion as revealed by three-dimensional lesion mapping.","volume":"20","author":"Adolphs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)56020-0","article-title":"Role of the amygdala in processing visual social stimuli.","volume":"156","author":"Adolphs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.002","article-title":"Electrophysiological correlates of affective blindsight.","volume":"44","author":"Andino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321662976","article-title":"A cortical mechanism for triggering top\u2013down facilitation in visual object recognition.","volume":"15","author":"Bar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507062103","article-title":"Top\u2013down facilitation of visual recognition.","volume":"103","author":"Bar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A."},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","article-title":"Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential.","volume":"25","author":"Bradley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.117.2.369","article-title":"Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention.","volume":"117","author":"Bradley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00085-6","article-title":"Integrated model of visual processing.","volume":"36","author":"Bullier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Research, Brain Research Reviews"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00470.x","article-title":"If attitudes affect how stimuli are processed should they not affect the event-related brain potential?","volume":"4","author":"Cacioppo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199912160-00007","article-title":"Non-conscious recognition of affect in the absence of striate cortex.","volume":"10","author":"De Gelder","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.04.206","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography (MEG) determined temporal modulation of visual and auditory sensory processing in the context of classical conditioning to faces.","volume":"32","author":"Dolan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5235","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-12-05235.2003","article-title":"A comparison of primate prefrontal and inferior temporal cortices during visual categorization.","volume":"23","author":"Freedman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20520","article-title":"The organization of projections from the amygdala to visual cortical areas TE and V1 in the macaque monkey.","volume":"486","author":"Freese","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00446-3","article-title":"Pathways for emotion: Interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey.","volume":"115","author":"Ghashghaei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10819","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10819.2002","article-title":"Functional heterogeneity in human olfactory cortex: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"22","author":"Gottfried","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1314","article-title":"Human orbitofrontal cortex mediates extinction learning while accessing conditioned representations of value.","volume":"7","author":"Gottfried","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R18","volume-title":"Signal detection theory and psychophysics.","author":"Green","year":"1966"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02512476","article-title":"Interpreting magnetic fields of the brain: Minimum norm estimates.","volume":"32","author":"H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg037","article-title":"Affective blindsight: Intact fear conditioning to a visual cue in a cortically blind patient.","volume":"126","author":"Hamm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.018","article-title":"Keep it simple: A case for using classical minimum norm estimation in the analysis of EEG and MEG data.","volume":"21","author":"Hauk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1766","article-title":"Subcortical face processing.","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3820175","article-title":"Fleeting images: A new look at early emotion discrimination.","volume":"38","author":"Jungh\u00f6fer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3740523","article-title":"Statistical control of artifacts in dense array EEG\/MEG studies.","volume":"37","author":"Jungh\u00f6fer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.011","article-title":"Neuroimaging of emotion: Empirical effects of proportional global signal scaling in fMRI data analysis.","volume":"25","author":"Jungh\u00f6fer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1934","article-title":"The fusiform face area: A cortical region specialized for the perception of faces.","volume":"361","author":"Kanwisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/82850","article-title":"Single-neuron responses to emotional visual stimuli recorded in human ventral prefrontal cortex.","volume":"4","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.048","article-title":"Adaptation in human visual cortex as a mechanism for rapid discrimination of aversive stimuli.","volume":"36","author":"Keil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7599","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1233-09.2009","article-title":"Ultra-rapid sensory responses in the human frontal eye field region.","volume":"29","author":"Kirchner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.10.002","article-title":"Ultra-rapid object detection with saccadic eye movements: Visual processing speed revisited.","volume":"46","author":"Kirchner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01924.x","article-title":"\u201cBuzzwords\u201d\u2014Spontaneous cortical responses to emotional words.","volume":"18","author":"Kissler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.03.006","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology.","volume":"72","author":"Kringelbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Progress in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01657-X","article-title":"The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing.","volume":"23","author":"Lamme","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R34","first-page":"97","article-title":"Motivated attention: Affect, activation, and action.","volume-title":"Attention and emotion: Sensory and motivational processes","author":"Lang","year":"1997"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.155","article-title":"Emotion circuits in the brain.","volume":"23","author":"LeDoux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R36","volume-title":"The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces\u2013KDEF","author":"Lundqvist","year":"1998"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.023","article-title":"Neural dynamics for facial threat processing as revealed by gamma band synchronization using MEG.","volume":"34","author":"Luo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn216","article-title":"Visual awareness, emotion, and gamma band synchronization.","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.018.2008","article-title":"Category specificity in early perception: Face and word n170 responses differ in both lateralization and habituation properties.","volume":"2","author":"Maurer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.11.079","article-title":"EEG-MEG evidence for early differential repetition effects for fearful, happy and neutral faces.","volume":"1254","author":"Morel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.6.1241","article-title":"Differential extrageniculostriate and amygdala responses to presentation of emotional faces in a cortically blind field.","volume":"124","author":"Morris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/30976","article-title":"Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala.","volume":"393","author":"Morris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.483","article-title":"Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning.","volume":"108","author":"Ohman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6202","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1233-08.2008","article-title":"Affective learning enhances visual detection and responses in primary visual cortex.","volume":"28","author":"Padmala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2920","article-title":"Emotion processing and the amygdala: From a \u201clow road\u201d to \u201cmany roads\u201d of evaluating biological significance.","volume":"11","author":"Pessoa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R47","article-title":"ElectroMagnetoEncephaloGraphy Software (EMEGS): Overview and integration with other EEG\/MEG toolboxes.","volume-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Special issue: Academic software applications for electromagnetic brain mapping using MEG and EEG.","author":"Peyk","year":""},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199909090-00001","article-title":"Rapid emotional face processing in the human right and left brain hemispheres: An ERP study.","volume":"10","author":"Pizzagalli","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00148-3","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of brain mechanisms in aversive classical conditioning: High-density event-related potential and brain electrical tomography analyses.","volume":"41","author":"Pizzagalli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1038\/81479","article-title":"Models of object recognition.","volume":"3","author":"Riesenhuber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(03)00277-X","article-title":"The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex.","volume":"55","author":"Rolls","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3476-07.2008","article-title":"Rapid interactions between the ventral visual stream and emotion-related structures rely on a two-pathway architecture.","volume":"28","author":"Rudrauf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.015","article-title":"Parallel amygdala and inferotemporal activation reflect emotional intensity and fear relevance.","volume":"24","author":"Sabatinelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)56002-9","article-title":"Emotion and attention: Event-related brain potential studies.","volume":"156","author":"Schupp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj031","article-title":"Modulation of the C1 visual event-related component by conditioned stimuli: Evidence for sensory plasticity in early affective perception.","volume":"16","author":"Stolarova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235545","article-title":"The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey.","volume":"49","author":"Thorpe","year":"1983","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.10.011","article-title":"How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention.","volume":"9","author":"Vuilleumier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00328-2","article-title":"Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: An event-related fMRI study.","volume":"30","author":"Vuilleumier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1542","article-title":"Categorical perception of sound frequency by crickets.","volume":"273","author":"Wyttenbach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021072913185956600_R60","volume-title":"A vision of the brain.","author":"Zeki","year":"1993"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/24\/1\/17\/1943567\/jocn_a_00067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/24\/1\/17\/1943567\/jocn_a_00067.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T13:30:31Z","timestamp":1627565431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/24\/1\/17\/85573\/Rapid-and-Highly-Resolving-Affective-Evaluation-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00067","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]}}}