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We used time-resolved sparse fMRI to test for top\u2013down neural mechanisms, measuring activity while participants heard coherent and anomalous sentences presented in speech envelope\/spectrum noise at varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The timing of BOLD responses to more intelligible speech provides evidence of hierarchical organization, with earlier responses in peri-auditory regions of the posterior superior temporal gyrus than in more distant temporal and frontal regions. Despite Sentence content \u00d7 SNR interactions in the superior temporal gyrus, prefrontal regions respond after auditory\/perceptual regions. Although we cannot rule out top\u2013down effects, this pattern is more compatible with a purely feedforward or bottom\u2013up account, in which the results of lower-level perceptual processing are passed to inferior frontal regions. Behavioral and neural evidence that sentence content influences perception of degraded speech does not necessarily imply \u201ctop\u2013down\u201d neural processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,11]],"date-time":"2011-07-11T14:21:10Z","timestamp":1310394070000},"page":"3914-3932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Does Semantic Context Benefit Speech Understanding through \u201cTop\u2013Down\u201d Processes? Evidence from Time-resolved Sparse fMRI"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Matthew H.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"2University of East Anglia"}]},{"given":"Ferath","family":"Kherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University of Lausanne"}]},{"given":"Ingrid S.","family":"Johnsrude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Queen's University, Kingston, Canada"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072901070123800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.07.032","article-title":"On-line plasticity in spoken sentence comprehension: Adapting to time-compressed speech.","volume":"49","author":"Adank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901070123800_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0746","article-title":"Modeling geometric deformations in EPI time series.","volume":"13","author":"Andersson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072901070123800_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11455","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5257-06.2007","article-title":"A common system for the comprehension and production of narrative speech.","volume":"27","author":"Awad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072901070123800_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0337747100","article-title":"Understanding neural system dynamics through task modulation and measurement of functional MRI amplitude, latency, and width.","volume":"100","author":"Bellgowan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072901070123800_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1121\/1.396976","article-title":"Mathematical treatment of context effects in phoneme and word recognition.","volume":"84","author":"Boothroyd","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"2021072901070123800_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17439","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000531107","article-title":"Bi-hemispheric foundations for human speech comprehension.","volume":"107","author":"Bozic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072901070123800_R7","article-title":"Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox. 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