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There is also debate about the relationship between semantic and executive control more widely. We used TMS in healthy human volunteers to create \u201cvirtual lesions\u201d in structures typically damaged in patients with semantic control deficits: LIFG, left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), and intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The influence of TMS on tasks varying in semantic and nonsemantic control demands was examined for each region within this hypothesized network to gain insights into (i) their functional specialization (i.e., involvement in semantic representation, controlled retrieval, or selection) and (ii) their domain dependence (i.e., semantic or cognitive control). The results revealed that LIFG and pMTG jointly support both the controlled retrieval and selection of semantic knowledge. IPS specifically participates in semantic selection and responds to manipulations of nonsemantic control demands. These observations are consistent with a large-scale semantic control network, as predicted by lesion data, that draws on semantic-specific (LIFG and pMTG) and domain-independent executive components (IPS).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]],"date-time":"2011-08-23T20:18:41Z","timestamp":1314130721000},"page":"133-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Executive Semantic Processing Is Underpinned by a Large-scale Neural Network: Revealing the Contribution of Left Prefrontal, Posterior Temporal, and Parietal Cortex to Controlled Retrieval and Selection Using TMS"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Carin","family":"Whitney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"O'Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Lambon Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Manchester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Jefferies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913182862400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990920)412:2<319::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Broca's region revisited: Cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability.","volume":"412","author":"Amunts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"2021072913182862400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.031","article-title":"Analysis of neural mechanisms underlying verbal fluency in cytoarchitectonically defined stereotaxic space\u2014The roles of Brodmann areas 44 and 45.","volume":"22","author":"Amunts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913182862400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.02.004","article-title":"Cognitive control, hierarchy, and the rostro-caudal organization of the frontal lobes.","volume":"12","author":"Badre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913182862400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.12.2082","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a hierarchical organization of the prefrontal cortex.","volume":"19","author":"Badre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913182862400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.07.023","article-title":"Dissociable controlled retrieval and generalized selection mechanisms in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.","volume":"47","author":"Badre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072913182862400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.015","article-title":"Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory.","volume":"45","author":"Badre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913182862400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn018","article-title":"Semantic adaptation and competition during word comprehension.","volume":"18","author":"Bedny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913182862400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.09.003","article-title":"Systemizing influences attentional processes during the Navon task: An fMRI study.","volume":"46","author":"Billington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913182862400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? 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