{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T22:59:06Z","timestamp":1775516346892,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the absence of visual information, our brain is able to recognize the actions of others by representing their sounds as a motor event. Previous studies have provided evidence for a somatotopic activation of the listener's motor cortex during perception of the sound of highly familiar motor acts. The present experiments studied (a) how the motor system is activated by action-related sounds that are newly acquired and (b) whether these sounds are represented with reference to extrinsic features related to action goals rather than with respect to lower-level intrinsic parameters related to the specific movements. TMS was used to measure the correspondence between auditory and motor codes in the listener's motor system. We compared the corticomotor excitability in response to the presentation of auditory stimuli void of previous motor meaning before and after a short training period in which these stimuli were associated with voluntary actions. Novel cross-modal representations became manifest very rapidly. By disentangling the representation of the muscle from that of the action's goal, we further showed that passive listening to newly learnt action-related sounds activated a precise motor representation that depended on the variable contexts to which the individual was exposed during testing. Our results suggest that the human brain embodies a higher-order audio-visuo-motor representation of perceived actions, which is muscle-independent and corresponds to the goals of the action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,14]],"date-time":"2011-09-14T22:35:07Z","timestamp":1316039707000},"page":"464-474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["When Sounds Become Actions: Higher-order Representation of Newly Learned Action Sounds in the Human Motor System"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Luca F.","family":"Ticini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Sch\u00fctz-Bosbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Casile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia and Harvard Medical School"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Waszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes"},{"name":"4CNRS, Paris, France"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913172007500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2182","article-title":"Action anticipation and motor resonance in elite basketball players.","volume":"11","author":"Aglioti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913172007500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2344-x","article-title":"Representing actions through their sound.","volume":"206","author":"Aglioti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913172007500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.1.164","article-title":"Neural representations of the target (goal) of visually guided arm movements in three motor areas of the monkey.","volume":"64","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913172007500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.1.133","article-title":"Preparation for movement: Neural representations of intended direction in three motor areas of the monkey.","volume":"64","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913172007500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03348.x","article-title":"Left hemisphere motor facilitation in response to manual action sounds.","volume":"19","author":"Aziz-Zadeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913172007500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.07.060","article-title":"Congruent embodied representations for visually presented actions and linguistic phrases describing actions.","volume":"16","author":"Aziz-Zadeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021072913172007500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-4-26","article-title":"Mapping perception to action in piano practice: A longitudinal DC-EEG study.","volume":"4","author":"Bangert","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913172007500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.10.044","article-title":"Shared networks for auditory and motor processing in professional pianists: Evidence from fMRI conjunction.","volume":"30","author":"Bangert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913172007500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.139","article-title":"Synaptic modification by correlated activity: Hebb's postulate revisited.","volume":"24","author":"Bi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913172007500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-010-0371-0","article-title":"Extending the mirror neuron system model, II: What did I just do? 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