{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T01:49:32Z","timestamp":1774921772905,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Confronted with the loss of one type of sensory input, we compensate using information conveyed by other senses. However, losing one type of sensory information at specific developmental times may lead to deficits across all sensory modalities. We addressed the effect of auditory deprivation on the development of tactile abilities, taking into account changes occurring at the behavioral and cortical level. Congenitally deaf and hearing individuals performed two tactile tasks, the first requiring the discrimination of the temporal duration of touches and the second requiring the discrimination of their spatial length. Compared with hearing individuals, deaf individuals were impaired only in tactile temporal processing. To explore the neural substrate of this difference, we ran a TMS experiment. In deaf individuals, the auditory association cortex was involved in temporal and spatial tactile processing, with the same chronometry as the primary somatosensory cortex. In hearing participants, the involvement of auditory association cortex occurred at a later stage and selectively for temporal discrimination. The different chronometry in the recruitment of the auditory cortex in deaf individuals correlated with the tactile temporal impairment. Thus, early hearing experience seems to be crucial to develop an efficient temporal processing across modalities, suggesting that plasticity does not necessarily result in behavioral compensation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,14]],"date-time":"2011-09-14T22:35:07Z","timestamp":1316039707000},"page":"276-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Hearing Shapes Our Perception of Time: Temporal Discrimination of Tactile Stimuli in Deaf People"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Bolognini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Milano Bicocca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Cecchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Milano Bicocca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Geraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Milano Bicocca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Maravita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Milano Bicocca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Pascual-Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Harvard Medical School"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Papagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Milano Bicocca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913171748100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3280d943b9","article-title":"Vibrotactile activation of the auditory cortices in deaf versus hearing adults.","volume":"18","author":"AuerJr.","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199806220-00005","article-title":"Co-registration of cortical magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"9","author":"Bastings","year":"1998","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.09.057","article-title":"Proprioceptive alignment of visual and somatosensory maps in the posterior parietal cortex.","volume":"17","author":"Bolognini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21267","article-title":"Tactile temporal processing in the auditory cortex.","volume":"22","author":"Bolognini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21172","article-title":"Seeing touch in the somatosensory cortex: A TMS study of the visual perception of touch.","author":"Bolognini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1979.48.1.187","article-title":"Residual sensory capacities of the deaf: A signal detection analysis of a visual discrimination task.","volume":"48","author":"Bross","year":"1979","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1980.51.3.839","article-title":"Signal detection analysis of visual flicker in deaf and hearing individuals.","volume":"51","author":"Bross","year":"1980","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20384","article-title":"Cortical network for vibrotactile attention: A fMRI study.","volume":"29","author":"Burton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.07.023","article-title":"Evidence of vibrotactile input to human auditory cortex.","volume":"29","author":"Caetano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.12.1110","article-title":"Crossmodal processing in the human brain: Insights from functional neuroimaging studies.","volume":"11","author":"Calvert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447303300111","article-title":"Eta-squared and partial eta-squared in fixed factor anova designs.","volume":"33","author":"Cohen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(91)90026-T","article-title":"Attenuation in detection of somatosensory stimuli by transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"81","author":"Cohen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.19.3.318","article-title":"Testing for suspected impairments and dissociations in single-case studies in neuropsychology: Evaluation of alternatives using Monte Carlo simulations and revised tests for dissociations.","volume":"19","author":"Crawford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi106","article-title":"The human parietal operculum: II. Stereotaxic maps and correlation with functional imaging results.","volume":"16","author":"Eickhoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R15","volume-title":"Language, cognition and the brain. Insights from sign language research.","year":"2002"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10049","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1730169100","article-title":"A morphometric analysis of auditory brain regions in congenitally deaf adults.","volume":"100","author":"Emmorey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R17","volume-title":"Signal detection theory and psychophysics.","author":"Green","year":"1966"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.00808.x","article-title":"Hearing what the eyes see: Auditory encoding of visual temporal sequences.","volume":"16","author":"Guttman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(90)90148-D","article-title":"Human somatosensory evoked potentials to mechanical pulses and vibration: Contributions of SI and SII somatosensory cortices to P50 and P100 components.","volume":"75","author":"Hamalainen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90210-U","article-title":"Separate finger representations at the human second somatosensory cortex.","volume":"37","author":"Hari","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8720","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-19-08720.2002","article-title":"Transient storage of a tactile memory trace in primary somatosensory cortex.","volume":"22","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00940.2009","article-title":"Comparing tactile pattern and vibrotactile frequency discrimination: A human fMRI study.","volume":"103","author":"Hegner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2005.05.012","article-title":"Sensory temporal processing in adults with early hearing loss.","volume":"59","author":"Heming","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(01)00121-4","article-title":"The navigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"108","author":"Herwig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.06.004","article-title":"Co-activation of the secondary somatosensory and auditory cortices facilitates frequency discrimination of vibrotactile stimuli.","volume":"148","author":"Iguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.04.002","article-title":"Dedicated and intrinsic models of time perception.","volume":"17","author":"Ivry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01591.x","article-title":"The effect of congenital deafness on duration judgment.","volume":"47","author":"Kowalska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00716.x","article-title":"Somatosensory activations of the parietal operculum of man. A PET study.","volume":"7","author":"Ledberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01597-X","article-title":"Feeling vibrations: Enhanced tactile sensitivity in congenitally deaf humans.","volume":"301","author":"Lev\u00e4nen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(07)00348-X","article-title":"Vibration-induced auditory-cortex activation in a congenitally deaf adult.","volume":"8","author":"Lev\u00e4nen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.08.004","article-title":"The emergence of multisensory systems through perceptual narrowing.","volume":"13","author":"Lewkowicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R32","first-page":"467","article-title":"Somatosensory phenomena after multichannel cochlear implantation in prelingually deaf adults.","volume":"19","author":"McFeelyJr.","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Journal of Otology"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/264746a0","article-title":"Hearing lips and seeing voices.","volume":"264","author":"McGurk","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2758","article-title":"Neural reorganization following sensory loss: The opportunity of change.","volume":"11","author":"Merabet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Review Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.06.018","article-title":"Neuronal mechanisms, response dynamics and perceptual functions of multisensory interactions in auditory cortex.","volume":"258","author":"Musacchia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hearing Research"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1459-9","article-title":"Visual temporal order judgment in profoundly deaf individuals.","volume":"190","author":"Nava","year":"2008","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(02)38078-6","article-title":"Human brain plasticity: Evidence from sensory deprivation and altered language experience.","volume":"138","author":"Neville","year":"2002","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory.","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216","article-title":"The plastic human brain cortex.","volume":"28","author":"Pascual-Leone","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00081-7","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience\u2014virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity.","volume":"10","author":"Pascual-Leone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(87)90027-7","article-title":"Temporal processing in deaf signers.","volume":"30","author":"Poizner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2006.11.011","article-title":"Parietal cortex involvement in the localization of tactile and noxious mechanical stimuli: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study.","volume":"178","author":"Porro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3295","article-title":"Shape and roughness activate different somatosensory areas in the human brain.","volume":"95","author":"Roland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.08.016","article-title":"Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research.","volume":"120","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.11.020","article-title":"Touch activates human auditory cortex.","volume":"30","author":"Schurmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(96)96090-7","article-title":"Suppression of spatial localization of a cutaneous stimulus following transcranial magnetic pulse stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex.","volume":"105","author":"Seyal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq164","article-title":"Morphometric differences in the Heschl's gyrus of hearing impaired and normal hearing infants.","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.09.018","article-title":"Multisensory contributions to the perception of vibrotactile events.","volume":"196","author":"Soto-Faraco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2331","article-title":"Multisensory integration: Current issues from the perspective of the single neuron.","volume":"9","author":"Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20456","article-title":"Selective visuo-haptic processing of shape and texture.","volume":"29","author":"Stilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R51","volume-title":"Co-planar stereotactic atlas of the human brain.","author":"Talairach","year":"1988"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(66)90044-3","article-title":"Temporal discrimination in brain-damaged patients.","volume":"4","author":"Van Allen","year":"1966","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6896.001.0001","volume-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A neurochronometrics of mind.","author":"Walsh","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021072913171748100_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.02.013","article-title":"Temporal frequency channels are linked across audition and touch.","volume":"19","author":"Yau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Biology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/24\/2\/276\/1943177\/jocn_a_00135.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/24\/2\/276\/1943177\/jocn_a_00135.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T13:21:24Z","timestamp":1627564884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/24\/2\/276\/27724\/Hearing-Shapes-Our-Perception-of-Time-Temporal"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00135","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}}}