{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:26:23Z","timestamp":1776471983455,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Connectionist theories of language propose that written language deficits arise as a result of damage to semantic and phonological systems that also support spoken language production and comprehension, a view referred to as the \u201cprimary systems\u201d hypothesis. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the primary systems account in a mixed group of individuals with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) by investigating the relation between measures of nonorthographic semantic and phonological processing and written language performance and by examining whether common patterns of cortical atrophy underlie impairments in spoken versus written language domains. Individuals with PPA and healthy controls were administered a language battery, including assessments of semantics, phonology, reading, and spelling. Voxel-based morphometry was used to examine the relation between gray matter volumes and language measures within brain regions previously implicated in semantic and phonological processing. In accordance with the primary systems account, our findings indicate that spoken language performance is strongly predictive of reading\/spelling profile in individuals with PPA and suggest that common networks of critical left hemisphere regions support central semantic and phonological processes recruited for spoken and written language.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,17]],"date-time":"2011-10-17T13:28:28Z","timestamp":1318858108000},"page":"261-275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Written Language Impairments in Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Reflection of Damage to Central Semantic and Phonological Processes"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maya L.","family":"Henry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Francisco"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9lagie M.","family":"Beeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Arizona"}]},{"given":"Gene E.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Arizona"}]},{"given":"Steven Z.","family":"Rapcsak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Arizona"},{"name":"3Southern Arizona VA Health Care System"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913180268000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation.","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R2","first-page":"304","article-title":"The neural substrates of sublexical spelling.","volume":"9","author":"Beeson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030344000067","article-title":"The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"17","author":"Beeson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0229)","article-title":"A treatment sequence for phonological alexia\/agraphia.","volume":"53","author":"Beeson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies.","volume":"19","author":"Binder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R6","first-page":"187","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of language.","volume-title":"Handbook of functional neuroimaging of cognition","author":"Binder","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq019","article-title":"The ventral and inferolateral aspects of the anterior temporal lobe are crucial in semantic memory: Evidence from a novel direct comparison of distortion-corrected fMRI, rTMS, and semantic dementia.","volume":"20","author":"Binney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290442000257","article-title":"Semantic impairment with and without surface dyslexia: Implications for models of reading.","volume":"22","author":"Blazely","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.033","article-title":"Reading disorders in primary progressive aphasia: A behavioral and neuroimaging study.","volume":"47","author":"Brambati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.024","article-title":"A systematic investigation of the functional neuroanatomy of auditory and visual phonological processing.","volume":"26","author":"Burton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290342000465","article-title":"Phonological dyslexia without phonological impairment?","volume":"21","author":"Caccappolo-van Vliet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00724.x","article-title":"Phonological dyslexia. A test case for reading models.","volume":"15","author":"Caccappolo-van Vliet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/026432996381791","article-title":"Phonological dyslexia: Past and future issues.","volume":"13","author":"Coltheart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290500202649","article-title":"Acquired dyslexias and the computational modelling of reading.","volume":"23","author":"Coltheart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.204","article-title":"The DRC model: A model of visual word recognition and reading aloud.","volume":"108","author":"Coltheart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R15","first-page":"273","article-title":"Computational modeling of reading in semantic dementia: Comment on Woollams, Lambon Ralph, Plaut, and Patterson (2007).","volume":"117","author":"Coltheart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.3.348","article-title":"Unlocking the nature of the phonological-deep dyslexia continuum: The keys to reading aloud are in phonology and semantics.","volume":"18","author":"Crisp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70399-X","article-title":"Specific reading and phonological processing deficits are associated with damage to the left frontal operculum.","volume":"42","author":"Fiez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0786","article-title":"A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains.","volume":"14","author":"Good","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10825","article-title":"Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia.","volume":"55","author":"Gorno-Tempini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821103e6","article-title":"Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants.","volume":"76","author":"Gorno-Tempini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00060-3","article-title":"The impact of semantic memory impairment on spelling: Evidence from semantic dementia.","volume":"38","author":"Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh075","article-title":"What's in a name: Voxel-based morphometric analyses of MRI and naming difficulty in Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal degeneration.","volume":"127","author":"Grossman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.3.491","article-title":"Phonology, reading acquisition, and dyslexia: Insights from connectionist models.","volume":"106","author":"Harm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290125986","article-title":"Are there orthographic impairments in phonological dyslexia?","volume":"18","author":"Harm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.3.662","article-title":"Computing the meanings of words in reading: Cooperative division of labor between visual and phonological processes.","volume":"111","author":"Harm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(02)00284-7","article-title":"Phonological processing during language production: fMRI evidence for a shared production-comprehension network.","volume":"16","author":"Heim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2006.06.011","article-title":"The role of left perisylvian cortical regions in spelling.","volume":"100","author":"Henry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R26","volume-title":"Pyramids and palm trees: A test of semantic access from pictures and words.","author":"Howard","year":"1992"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790490507623","article-title":"Surface dyslexia in semantic dementia: A comparison of the influence of consistency and regularity.","volume":"10","author":"Jefferies","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.12.002","article-title":"Do deep dyslexia, dysphasia and dysgraphia share a common phonological impairment?","volume":"45","author":"Jefferies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00343-4","article-title":"Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: A metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies.","volume":"20","author":"Jobard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R30","volume-title":"Boston Naming Test.","author":"Kaplan","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.04.013","article-title":"Imaging phonology without print: Assessing the neural correlates of phonemic awareness using fMRI.","volume":"27","author":"Katzir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R32","volume-title":"PALPA: Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia.","author":"Kay","year":"1992"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757642.ch22","article-title":"Acquired disorders of reading.","volume-title":"The science of reading: A handbook","author":"Lambon Ralph","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00169-1","article-title":"An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets.","volume":"19","author":"Maldjian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321208196","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: Consistencies, inconsistencies, and limitations.","volume":"15","author":"Mechelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.91","article-title":"Primary progressive aphasia.","volume":"49","author":"Mesulam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10569","article-title":"The core and halo of primary progressive aphasia and semantic dementia.","volume":"54(Suppl. 5)","author":"Mesulam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701514479","article-title":"Computational modelling of phonological dyslexia: How does the DRC model fare?","volume":"25","author":"Nickels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200404290-00004","article-title":"Neural correlates of phoneme-to-grapheme conversion.","volume":"15","author":"Omura","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(92)90096-5","article-title":"Deterioration of word meaning: Implications for reading.","volume":"30","author":"Patterson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)80033-6","article-title":"Selective disorders of reading?","volume":"9","author":"Patterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.2.169","article-title":"\u201cPresemantic\u201d cognition in semantic dementia: Six deficits in search of an explanation.","volume":"18","author":"Patterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R42","first-page":"251","article-title":"Phonological ALEXIA or PHONOLOGICAL alexia?","volume":"1","author":"Patterson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1080\/026432996381818","article-title":"Interpreting a case of Japanese phonological alexia: The key is in phonology.","volume":"13","author":"Patterson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.103.1.56","article-title":"Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi-regular domains.","volume":"103","author":"Plaut","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01201-7","article-title":"The functional anatomy of word comprehension and production.","volume":"2","author":"Price","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.6.727","article-title":"Segregating semantic from phonological processes during reading.","volume":"9","author":"Price","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R47","first-page":"71","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of spelling and writing.","author":"Rapcsak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Handbook on Adult Language Disorders: Integrating Cognitive Neuropsychology Neurology and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.04.006","article-title":"Phonological dyslexia and dysgraphia: Cognitive mechanisms and neural substrates.","volume":"45","author":"Rapcsak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.6.3.201","article-title":"The anterior temporal cortex and semantic memory: Reconciling findings from neuropsychology and functional imaging.","volume":"6","author":"Rogers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.002","article-title":"Progressive logopenic\/phonological aphasia: Erosion of the language network.","volume":"49","author":"Rohrer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.4.523","article-title":"A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming.","volume":"96","author":"Seidenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.03.012","article-title":"Phonemic manipulation in Japanese: An fMRI study.","volume":"20","author":"Seki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Research, Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.06.006","article-title":"Phonological dyslexia and phonological impairment: An exception to the rule?","volume":"44","author":"Tree","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/383254a0","article-title":"Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures.","volume":"383","author":"Vandenberghe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R54","first-page":"511","article-title":"CT correlates of surface dyslexia.","volume-title":"Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading","author":"Vanier","year":"1985"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.11.002","article-title":"Meta-analyzing left hemisphere language areas: Phonology, semantics, and sentence processing.","volume":"30","author":"Vigneau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.02.016","article-title":"The inferior, anterior temporal lobes and semantic memory clarified: Novel evidence from distortion-corrected fMRI.","volume":"48","author":"Visser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21309","article-title":"Semantic processing in the anterior temporal lobes: A meta-analysis of the functional neuroimaging literature.","volume":"22","author":"Visser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.7.1125","article-title":"Using parallel distributed processing models to simulate phonological dyslexia: The key role of plasticity-related recovery.","volume":"19","author":"Welbourne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn300","article-title":"The neural basis of surface dyslexia in semantic dementia.","volume":"132","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.2.316","article-title":"SD-squared: On the association between semantic dementia and surface dyslexia.","volume":"114","author":"Woollams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017641","article-title":"SD-squared revisited: Reply to Coltheart, Tree, and Saunders (2010).","volume":"117","author":"Woollams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913180268000_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21502","article-title":"Word or word-like? Dissociating orthographic typicality from lexicality in the left occipito-temporal cortex.","volume":"23","author":"Woollams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/24\/2\/261\/1943306\/jocn_a_00153.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/24\/2\/261\/1943306\/jocn_a_00153.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T13:24:56Z","timestamp":1627565096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/24\/2\/261\/27737\/Written-Language-Impairments-in-Primary"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00153","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,1]]}}}