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Although this may provide valuable insights into neuronal properties, one cannot use such evidence to make inferences about the behavioral significance of the observed activations; if A causes B, it does not necessarily follow that B causes A. In contrast, brain stimulation techniques enable us to directly modulate brain activity as the source of behavior and thus establish causal links.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,20]],"date-time":"2012-01-20T20:17:13Z","timestamp":1327090633000},"page":"775-777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Why the Assessment of Causality in Brain\u2013Behavior Relations Requires Brain Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Juha","family":"Silvanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Pascual-Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913172253100_R1","article-title":"State-dependent TMS reveals a hierarchical representation of observed acts in the temporal, parietal, and premotor cortices.","author":"Cattaneo","year":"","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913172253100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06911.x","article-title":"Contrasting early visual cortical activation states causally involved in visual imagery and short-term memory.","volume":"30","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913172253100_R3","article-title":"Double dissociation of format-dependent and number-specific neurons in human parietal cortex.","author":"Cohen Kadosh","year":"","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913172253100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18626","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505210102","article-title":"Control over brain activation and pain learned by using real-time functional MRI.","volume":"102","author":"deCharms","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072913172253100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262014014.003.0142","article-title":"Why methods matter in the study of the biological basis of the mind: A behavioral neurologist's perspective.","volume-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of mind: A tribute to Michael S. 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