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The excitability of the left and right primary motor cortex (M1) was evaluated by motor-evoked potentials elicited by single-pulse TMS. Short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) of the left M1 was evaluated using paired-pulse TMS. F waves were measured for the right ulnar nerve. We found significant reduction of corticospinal excitability only for the right hand at 300\u2013400 msec after each letter presentation without significant changes in SICI. This suppression is likely to be of supraspinal origin, because of no significant alteration in F-wave amplitudes. These findings suggest that the recognition of handwritten letters may include the implicit knowledge of \u201cwriting\u201d in M1. The M1 activation associated with that process, which has been shown in previous neuroimaging studies, is likely to reflect the active suppression of the corticospinal excitability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]],"date-time":"2012-02-14T14:30:44Z","timestamp":1329229844000},"page":"1138-1148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Writing's Shadow: Corticospinal Activation during Letter Observation"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Nakatsuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Nasreldin","family":"Thabit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Sohag University"}]},{"given":"Satoko","family":"Koganemaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine"}]},{"given":"Ippei","family":"Nojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences"}]},{"given":"Hidenao","family":"Fukuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Mima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913195194400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/4.5.544","article-title":"Human extrastriate visual cortex and the perception of faces, words, numbers, and colors.","volume":"4","author":"Allison","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072913195194400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03348.x","article-title":"Left hemisphere motor facilitation in response to manual 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