{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T16:56:49Z","timestamp":1776013009636,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Despite the intuition that strongly held beliefs are particularly difficult to change, the data on error correction indicate that general information errors that people commit with a high degree of belief are especially easy to correct. This finding is called the hypercorrection effect. The hypothesis was tested that the reason for hypercorrection stems from enhanced attention and encoding that results from a metacognitive mismatch between the person's confidence in their responses and the true answer. This experiment, which is the first to use imaging to investigate the hypercorrection effect, provided support for this hypothesis, showing that both metacognitive mismatch conditions\u2014that in which high confidence accompanies a wrong answer and that in which low confidence accompanies a correct answer\u2014revealed anterior cingulate and medial frontal gyrus activations. Only in the high confidence error condition, however, was an error that conflicted with the true answer mentally present. And only the high confidence error condition yielded activations in the right TPJ and the right dorsolateral pFC. These activations suggested that, during the correction process after error commission, people (1) were entertaining both the false belief as well as the true belief (as in theory of mind tasks, which also manifest the right TPJ activation) and (2) may have been suppressing the unwanted, incorrect information that they had, themselves, produced (as in think\/no-think tasks, which also manifest dorsolateral pFC activation). These error-specific processes as well as enhanced attention because of metacognitive mismatch appear to be implicated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,27]],"date-time":"2012-03-27T18:13:54Z","timestamp":1332872034000},"page":"1571-1583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Neural Correlates of People's Hypercorrection of Their False Beliefs"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Janet","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brady","family":"Butterfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Habeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaakov","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913241010700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1884","article-title":"Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition.","volume":"7","author":"Amodio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241010700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/35066572","article-title":"Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control.","volume":"410","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072913241010700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0622911X","article-title":"Encouraging the nascent cognitive neuroscience of repression.","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913241010700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089504","article-title":"Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories.","volume":"303","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021072913241010700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047507","article-title":"\u201cFate\u201d of first-list associations in transfer theory.","volume":"58","author":"Barnes","year":"1959","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913241010700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1252","article-title":"Dissociable contributions of prefrontal and parietal cortices to response selection.","volume":"17","author":"Bunge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913241010700_R7","first-page":"215","article-title":"Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex.","volume":"4","author":"Bush","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends in"},{"key":"2021072913241010700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, A. C., \n            \n              Fazio, L. K., & \n            \n              Marsh, E. J.\n           (2010). The hypercorrection effect persists over a week, but high confidence errors return, Poster presented at the 2010 Psychonomics Society Annual Meeting, #1102.","DOI":"10.1037\/e520592012-406"},{"key":"2021072913241010700_R9","first-page":"918","article-title":"Correcting a metacognitive error: Feedback increases retention of low confidence correct responses.","volume":"34","author":"Butler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2021072913241010700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(03)00203-9","article-title":"Neural correlates of error detection and correction in a semantic retrieval task.","volume":"17","author":"Butterfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913241010700_R11","first-page":"1491","article-title":"Errors committed with high confidence are 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