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We used sequences of high- and low-frequency tones varying according to three contingency rules, which were orthogonally manipulated and differed in processing requirements: A Single Repetition rule required only template matching, a Local Probability rule required relating a stimulus to its context, and a Global Probability rule could be derived through template matching or with reference to the global sequence context. ERP activity at 200\u2013300 msec was related to the Single Repetition and Global Probability rules (reflecting access to representations based on template matching), whereas longer-latency activity (300-450 msec) was related to the Local Probability and Global Probability rules (reflecting access to representations incorporating contextual information). EROS responses with corresponding latencies indicated that the earlier activity involved the superior temporal gyrus, whereas later responses involved a fronto-parietal network. This suggests that the brain can simultaneously hold different models of stimulus contingencies at different levels of the information processing system according to their processing requirements, as indicated by the latency and location of the corresponding brain activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,27]],"date-time":"2012-03-27T18:13:54Z","timestamp":1332872034000},"page":"1941-1959","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Rules Rule! Brain Activity Dissociates the Representations of Stimulus Contingencies with Varying Levels of Complexity"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chun-Yu","family":"Tse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"},{"name":"2National University of Singapore"}]},{"given":"Kathy A.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Fabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Gratton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913243578300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3520211","article-title":"Processing of novel sounds and frequency changes in the human auditory 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