{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:20:19Z","timestamp":1760984419457},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Behavioral studies show that subjects respond more slowly to stimuli to which they previously stopped. This response slowing could be explained by \u201cautomatic inhibition\u201d (i.e., the reinstantiation of motor suppression when a stimulus retrieves a stop association). Here we tested this using TMS. In Experiment 1, participants were trained to go or no-go to stimuli. Then, in a test phase, we compared the corticospinal excitability for go stimuli that were previously associated with stopping (no-go_then_go) with go stimuli that were previously associated with going (go_then_go). Corticospinal excitability was reduced for no-go_then_go compared with go_then_go stimuli at a mere 100 msec poststimulus. Although these results fit with automatic inhibition, there was, surprisingly, no suppression for no-go_then_no-go stimuli, although this should occur. We speculated that automatic inhibition lies within a continuum between effortful top\u2013down response inhibition and no inhibition at all. When the need for executive control and active response suppression disappears, so does the manifestation of automatic inhibition. Therefore, it should emerge during go\/no-go learning and disappear as performance asymptotes. Consistent with this idea, in Experiment 2, we demonstrated reduced corticospinal excitability for no-go versus go trials most prominently in the midphase of training but it wears off as performance asymptotes. We thus provide neurophysiological evidence for an inhibition mechanism that is automatically reinstantiated when a stimulus retrieves a learned stopping episode, but only in an executive context in which active suppression is required. This demonstrates that automatic and top\u2013down inhibition jointly contribute to goal-directed behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,25]],"date-time":"2012-05-25T11:41:54Z","timestamp":1337946114000},"page":"1908-1918","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Response Suppression by Automatic Retrieval of Stimulus\u2013Stop Association: Evidence from Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yu-Chin","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California\u2014San Diego"}]},{"given":"Adam R.","family":"Aron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California\u2014San Diego"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Verbruggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Exeter"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913241704300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.07.024","article-title":"From reactive to proactive and selective control: Developing a richer model for stopping inappropriate responses.","volume":"69","author":"Aron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072913241704300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0519-07.2007","article-title":"Triangulating a cognitive control network using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI.","volume":"27","author":"Aron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241704300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196874","article-title":"Episodic and semantic components of the compound-stimulus strategy in the explicit task-cuing 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