{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T09:07:55Z","timestamp":1775984875704,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Our outside world changes continuously, for example, when driving through traffic. An important question is how our brain deals with this constant barrage of rapidly changing sensory input and flexibly selects only newly goal-relevant information for further capacity-limited processing in working memory. The challenge our brain faces is experimentally captured by the attentional blink (AB): an impairment in detecting the second of two target stimuli presented in close temporal proximity among distracters. Many theories have been proposed to explain this deficit in processing goal-relevant information, with some attributing the AB to capacity limitations related to encoding of the first target and others assigning a critical role to on-line selection mechanisms that control access to working memory. The current study examined the role of striatal dopamine in the AB, given its known role in regulating the contents of working memory. Specifically, participants performed an AB task and their basal level of dopamine D2-like receptor binding was measured using PET and [F-18]fallypride. As predicted, individual differences analyses showed that greater D2-like receptor binding in the striatum was associated with a larger AB, implicating striatal dopamine and mechanisms that control access to working memory in the AB. Specifically, we propose that striatal dopamine may determine the AB by regulating the threshold for working memory updating, providing a testable physiological basis for this deficit in gating rapidly changing visual information. A challenge for current models of the AB lies in connecting more directly to these neurobiological data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,4]],"date-time":"2012-06-04T20:46:01Z","timestamp":1338842761000},"page":"1932-1940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["PET Evidence for a Role for Striatal Dopamine in the Attentional Blink: Functional Implications"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Heleen A.","family":"Slagter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Tomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of Haifa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley T.","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University of Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University of Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenza S.","family":"Colzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Leiden University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlye R.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University of Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhanabalan","family":"Murali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University of Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University of Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913241368400_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-008-0200-4","article-title":"Executive control processes of working memory predict attentional blink magnitude over and above storage capacity.","volume":"74","author":"Arnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-009-0265-8","article-title":"Attentional blink magnitude is predicted by the ability to keep irrelevant material out of working memory.","volume":"74","author":"Arnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.3.529","article-title":"A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition.","volume":"106","author":"Ashby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","article-title":"An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: Adaptive gain and optimal performance.","volume":"28","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204978","article-title":"Effects of working-memory training on striatal dopamine release.","volume":"333","author":"B\u00e4ckman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63082-4","article-title":"Dopamine, cognitive control, and schizophrenia: The gating model.","volume":"121","author":"Braver","year":"1999","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R7","first-page":"109","article-title":"A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation.","volume":"21","author":"Chun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00049","article-title":"Dopamine and the management of attentional resources: Genetic markers of striatal D2 dopamine predict individual differences in the attentional blink.","volume":"23","author":"Colzato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.006","article-title":"Blinks of the eye predict blinks of the mind.","volume":"46","author":"Colzato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193090","article-title":"Working memory and the attentional blink: Blink size is predicted by individual differences in operation span.","volume":"14","author":"Colzato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.03.028","article-title":"Inverted-U-shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control.","volume":"69","author":"Cools","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4475-07.2008","article-title":"Working memory capacity predicts dopamine synthesis capacity in the human striatum.","volume":"28","author":"Cools","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155466","article-title":"Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum.","volume":"320","author":"Dahlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-004-0173-x","article-title":"The attentional blink: Resource depletion or temporary loss of control?","volume":"69","author":"Di Lollo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1486-08.2008","article-title":"Evidence for segregated and integrative connectivity patterns in the human basal ganglia.","volume":"28","author":"Draganski","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3330","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003330","article-title":"Distractor inhibition predicts individual differences in the attentional blink.","volume":"3","author":"Dux","year":"2008","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.71.8.1683","article-title":"The attentional blink: A review of data and theory.","volume":"71","author":"Dux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Attention, Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.1.2.137","article-title":"Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working memory: A computational model.","volume":"1","author":"Frank","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.120.3.497","article-title":"A mechanistic account of striatal dopamine function in human cognition: Psychopharmacological studies with cabergoline and haloperidol.","volume":"120","author":"Frank","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R20","first-page":"43","article-title":"The neostriatal mosaic: Multiple levels of compartmental organization.","volume":"36","author":"Gerfen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2055","article-title":"Towards an executive without a homunculus: Computational models of the prefrontal cortex\/basal ganglia system.","volume":"362","author":"Hazy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2055","article-title":"Towards an executive without a homunculus: Computational models of the prefrontal cortex\/basal ganglia system.","volume":"362","author":"Hazy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-005-0009-3","article-title":"How the brain blinks: Towards a neurocognitive model of the attentional blink.","volume":"70","author":"Hommel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000038000.34930.4E","article-title":"Strategies to improve neuroreceptor parameter estimation by linear regression analysis.","volume":"22","author":"Ichise","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism: Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600493","article-title":"Consensus nomenclature for in vivo imaging of reversibly binding radioligands.","volume":"27","author":"Innis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism: Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-8415(01)00036-6","article-title":"A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images.","volume":"5","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00575-8","article-title":"The connections of the dopaminergic system with the striatum in rats and primates: An analysis with respect to the functional and compartmental organization of the striatum.","volume":"96","author":"Joel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1998.0684","article-title":"The demonstration of short-term consolidation.","volume":"36","author":"Jolicoeur","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/106.3.643","article-title":"Spontaneous eye-blink rates and dopaminergic systems.","volume":"106","author":"Karson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain: A Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194014","article-title":"The attentional blink is governed by a temporary loss of control.","volume":"13","author":"Kawahara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.01.023","article-title":"Transient and selective overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum causes persistent abnormalities in prefrontal cortex functioning.","volume":"49","author":"Kellendonk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R32","article-title":"The dynamics of change in striatal activity following updating training.","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping."},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199609000-00008","article-title":"Distribution volume ratios without blood sampling from graphical analysis of PET data.","volume":"16","author":"Logan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism: Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2723","article-title":"From reinforcement learning models to psychiatric and neurological disorders.","volume":"14","author":"Maia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.9.1423","article-title":"Quick minds don't blink: Electrophysiological correlates of individual differences in attentional selection.","volume":"18","author":"Martens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169.56.1.18","article-title":"Individual differences in the attentional blink. The important role of irrelevant information.","volume":"56","author":"Martens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.12.005","article-title":"The attentional blink: Past, present, and future of a blind spot in perceptual awareness.","volume":"34","author":"Martens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2024","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia control access to working memory.","volume":"11","author":"McNab","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.011","article-title":"A dopaminergic basis for working memory, learning and attentional shifting in Parkinsonism.","volume":"46","author":"Moustafa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10128","article-title":"Brain imaging of 18F-fallypride in normal volunteers: Blood analysis, distribution, test-retest studies, and preliminary assessment of sensitivity to aging effects on dopamine D-2\/D-3 receptors.","volume":"46","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-8051(94)00117-3","article-title":"Fluorinated benzamide neuroleptics\u2014III. Development of (S)-N-[(1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-2, 3-dimethoxybenzamide as an improved dopamine D-2 receptor tracer.","volume":"22","author":"Mukherjee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nuclear Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058","article-title":"Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: A primer with examples.","volume":"15","author":"Nichols","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.134.3.291","article-title":"The role of the locus coeruleus in mediating the attentional blink: A neurocomputational theory.","volume":"134","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.10.007","article-title":"Integrating VBM into the general linear model with voxelwise anatomical covariates.","volume":"34","author":"Oakes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013395","article-title":"A boost and bounce theory of temporal attention.","volume":"115","author":"Olivers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R46","first-page":"364","article-title":"The beneficial effects of additional task load, positive affect, and instruction on the attentional blink.","volume":"32","author":"Olivers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-005-0029-z","article-title":"Spreading the sparing: Against a limited-capacity account of the attentional blink.","volume":"71","author":"Olivers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1162\/089976606775093909","article-title":"Making working memory work: A computational model of learning in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia.","volume":"18","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R49","first-page":"849","article-title":"Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink?","volume":"18","author":"Raymond","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(97)01094-2","article-title":"The attentional blink.","volume":"1","author":"Shapiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10556","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010556","article-title":"Neural competition for conscious representation across time: An fMRI study.","volume":"5","author":"Slagter","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050138","article-title":"Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources.","volume":"5","author":"Slagter","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21125","article-title":"Theta phase synchrony and conscious target perception: Impact of intensive mental training.","volume":"21","author":"Slagter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2008.12.002","article-title":"Too much control can hurt: A threaded cognition model of the attentional blink.","volume":"59","author":"Taatgen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091162","article-title":"Selective D2 receptor actions on the functional circuitry of working memory.","volume":"303","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.049","article-title":"Cerebral morphology and dopamine D2\/D3 receptor distribution in humans: A combined [18F]fallypride and voxel-based morphometry study.","volume":"46","author":"Woodward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R58","first-page":"787","article-title":"The attentional blink provides episodic distinctiveness: Sparing at a cost.","volume":"35","author":"Wyble","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021072913241368400_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/42.906424","article-title":"Segmentation of brain MR images through a hidden Markov random field model and the expectation-maximization algorithm.","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/24\/9\/1932\/1944322\/jocn_a_00255.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/24\/9\/1932\/1944322\/jocn_a_00255.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T13:49:20Z","timestamp":1627566560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/24\/9\/1932\/27829\/PET-Evidence-for-a-Role-for-Striatal-Dopamine-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00255","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]}}}