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In an event-related, randomized block design, we interfered with the encoding of unrelated words lists with brief trains of repetitive TMS (rTMS), applied coincidently with the acoustic presentation of each word to the left dorsolateral pFC, the left intraparietal lobe, and a control site (vertex). Interference of rTMS with encoding produced a clear-cut double dissociation on accuracy during immediate free recall. The primacy effect was selectively worsened by rTMS of the dorsolateral pFC, whereas recency was selectively worsened by rTMS of the intraparietal lobe. These results are in agreement with the double dissociation between short-term and long-term memory observed in neuropsychological patients and provide direct evidence of distinct cortical mechanisms of encoding in the human brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,2]],"date-time":"2012-12-02T16:00:03Z","timestamp":1354464003000},"page":"109-116","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["TMS Interference with Primacy and Recency Mechanisms Reveals Bimodal Episodic Encoding in the Human Brain"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Iglis","family":"Innocenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}]},{"given":"Stefano F.","family":"Cappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Feurra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Giovannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze"},{"name":"4Universit\u00e0 di Firenze"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Santarnecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Cincotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913253372200_R1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes.","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory","author":"Atkinson","year":"1968"},{"key":"2021072913253372200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01538-2","article-title":"The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory?","volume":"4","author":"Baddeley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072913253372200_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.12.014","article-title":"Working memory.","volume":"20","author":"Baddeley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021072913253372200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(88)90031-0","article-title":"Frontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome.","volume":"7","author":"Baddeley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"2021072913253372200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(73)90003-1","article-title":"Memory coding and amnesia.","volume":"11","author":"Baddeley","year":"1973","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072913253372200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.20.5.529","article-title":"The role of inferior parietal and inferior frontal cortex in working memory.","volume":"20","author":"Baldo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072913253372200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(82)90101-4","article-title":"Left hemisphere damage and selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory. 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