{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:52:07Z","timestamp":1777596727277,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Neuroimaging research in adults has consistently found that differential perception of race is associated with increased amygdala activity. We hypothesized that such neural biases unlikely reflect innate processes but instead emerge over development. In the current study, we used fMRI to examine the neurodevelopmental trajectory of the amygdala in response to race across childhood and adolescence ranging from 4 to 16 years. Thirty-two youths viewed African American and European American faces during a functional brain scan. Results suggest that differential amygdala response to African American faces does not emerge until adolescence, reflecting the increasing salience of race across development. In addition, greater peer diversity was associated with attenuated amygdala response to African American faces, suggesting that intergroup racial contact may reduce the salience of race.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,15]],"date-time":"2012-10-15T17:37:03Z","timestamp":1350322623000},"page":"234-244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Amygdala Sensitivity to Race Is Not Present in Childhood but Emerges over Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Eva H.","family":"Telzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Illinois"}]},{"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of California, Los Angeles"}]},{"given":"Mor","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of California, Los Angeles"}]},{"given":"Nim","family":"Tottenham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2University of California, Los Angeles"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913273935300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.1.48","article-title":"The formation of ingroup favoritism and outgroup prejudice in young children.","volume":"39","author":"Aboud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012835","article-title":"Learning (not) to talk about race: When older children underperform in social categorization.","volume":"44","author":"Apfelbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1997.2413","article-title":"Shades of meaning: Skin tone, racial attitudes, and constructive memory in African American children.","volume":"67","author":"Averhart","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01679.x","article-title":"Nature and nurture in own-race face processing.","volume":"17","author":"Bar-Haim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01664.x","article-title":"The development of implicit attitudes: Evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood.","volume":"17","author":"Baron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00339","article-title":"When groups are not created equal: Effects of group status on the formation of intergroup attitudes in children.","volume":"72","author":"Bigler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x","article-title":"Developmental intergroup theory: Explaining and reducing children's social stereotyping and prejudice.","volume":"16","author":"Bigler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80219-6","article-title":"Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression.","volume":"17","author":"Breiter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1174","article-title":"The feasibility of a common stereotactic space for children and adults in fMRI studies of development.","volume":"17","author":"Burgund","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00366-5","article-title":"Involvement of multiple functionally distinct cerebellar regions in visual discrimination: A human functional imaging study.","volume":"20","author":"Claeys","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014","article-title":"AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages.","volume":"29","author":"Cox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computers and Biomedical Research"},{"key":"2021072913273935300_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411430832","article-title":"Motivational salience. 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