{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:17:55Z","timestamp":1781021875766,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>When a word is preceded by a supportive context such as a semantically associated word or a strongly constraining sentence frame, the N400 component of the ERP is reduced in amplitude. An ongoing debate is the degree to which this reduction reflects a passive spread of activation across long-term semantic memory representations as opposed to specific predictions about upcoming input. We addressed this question by embedding semantically associated prime\u2013target pairs within an experimental context that encouraged prediction to a greater or lesser degree. The proportion of related items was used to manipulate the predictive validity of the prime for the target while holding semantic association constant. A semantic category probe detection task was used to encourage semantic processing and to preclude the need for a motor response on the trials of interest. A larger N400 reduction to associated targets was observed in the high than the low relatedness proportion condition, consistent with the hypothesis that predictions about upcoming stimuli make a substantial contribution to the N400 effect. We also observed an earlier priming effect (205\u2013240 msec) in the high-proportion condition, which may reflect facilitation because of form-based prediction. In summary, the results suggest that predictability modulates N400 amplitude to a greater degree than the semantic content of the context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,19]],"date-time":"2012-11-19T15:18:15Z","timestamp":1353338295000},"page":"484-502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":243,"title":["Dissociating N400 Effects of Prediction from Association in Single-word Contexts"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ellen F.","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Massachusetts General Hospital"},{"name":"2Tufts University, Medford, MA"},{"name":"3University of Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip J.","family":"Holcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Tufts University, Medford, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina R.","family":"Kuperberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Massachusetts General Hospital"},{"name":"2Tufts University, Medford, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072913274942500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1995.tb03310.x","article-title":"Auditory and visual semantic priming using different stimulus onset asynchronies: An event-related brain potential study.","volume":"32","author":"Anderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021072913274942500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03213769","article-title":"Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies.","volume":"8","author":"Becker","year":"1980","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2021072913274942500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1080\/01690965.2011.577980","article-title":"Does discourse congruence influence spoken language comprehension before lexical association? 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